Terms : Hide Images
| 4313970170 | audience | One's listener or readership; those to whom text is addressed | 0 | |
| 4313970171 | concession | An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point | 1 | |
| 4313970173 | context | Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning | 2 | |
| 4313970174 | counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward | 3 | |
| 4313970177 | occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written | 4 | |
| 4313970179 | persona | The face or character that a speaker shows to his/her audience | 5 | |
| 4313970180 | polemic | Controversial argument, esp. one attacking a specific idea | 6 | |
| 4313970181 | propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. | 7 | |
| 4313970182 | purpose | One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. | 8 | |
| 4313970183 | refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument | 9 | |
| 4313970184 | rhetoric | The art of using language effectively and persuasively | 10 | |
| 4313970185 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion) | 11 | |
| 4313970186 | rhetorical triangle | A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle) | 12 | |
| 4313970187 | speaker | A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a text | 13 | |
| 4313970188 | subject | In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of text | 14 | |
| 4313970189 | text | Any cultural product that can be "read", meaning consumed, comprehended, and investigated. Fiction, Nonfiction, poetry, speeches, fine art, cartoons, cultural trends, performances, etc | 15 | |
| 4313970190 | tone | Attitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices) | 16 | |
| 4313970195 | antithesis | An opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses. | 17 | |
| 4313970196 | archaic diction | The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language. | 18 | |
| 4313970198 | cumulative sentence | A sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (main clause is at the beginning). | 19 | |
| 4313970199 | hortative sentence | A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. | 20 | |
| 4313970200 | imperative sentence | A sentence that requests or commands. | 21 | |
| 4313970201 | inversion | The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. | 22 | |
| 4313970202 | juxtaposition | Placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast. | 23 | |
| 4313970203 | metaphor | A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared, does not use like or as. | 24 | |
| 4313970205 | parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. | 25 | |
| 4313970206 | periodic sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. | 26 | |
| 4313970208 | rhetorical question | A figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer | 27 | |
| 4313970209 | synecdoche | A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part. | 28 | |
| 4313970212 | ad populum | Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true. Bandwagon appeal. | 29 | |
| 4313970214 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 30 | |
| 4313970215 | assumption | A fact or statement that is taken for granted rather than tested or proved. | 31 | |
| 4313970216 | backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument. | 32 | |
| 4313970217 | begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 33 | |
| 4313970223 | the classical oration | A five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion. | 34 | |
| 4313970224 | introduction (exordium) | Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion. | 35 | |
| 4313970225 | narration (narratio) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing. | 36 | |
| 4313970226 | confirmation (confirmatio) | Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case. | 37 | |
| 4313970227 | refutation (refutatio) | Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion. | 38 | |
| 4313970228 | conclusion (peroratio) | Brings the essay to a satisfying close. | 39 | |
| 4313970230 | deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. | 40 | |
| 4313970231 | either/or (false dilemma) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 41 | |
| 4313970233 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 42 | |
| 4313970235 | induction | A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances. | 43 | |
| 4313970239 | qualifier | Words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute. | 44 | |
| 4313970241 | rebuttal | refutation; opposing response to an argument | 45 | |
| 4313970242 | reservation | An unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly. | 46 | |
| 4313970243 | Rogerian arguments | Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. | 47 | |
| 4313970244 | second-hand evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 48 | |
| 4313970245 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 49 | |
| 4313970246 | syllogism | A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. A syllogism is the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. | 50 | |
| 4313970247 | Toulmin model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosphopher Stephen T in his book the Uses of Argument; "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of its waterproof material, unless, of course, there is a hole in it." | 51 | |
| 4313970248 | warrant | The warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 52 | |
| 4313970249 | personification | A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. | 53 | |
| 4313970250 | oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. | 54 | |
| 4313970251 | allusion | A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art. | 55 | |
| 4313970252 | pathos | Appeal to emotion; Achieved by evoking feelings like sympathy, anger, pity, or compassion. | 56 | |
| 4313970253 | ethos | Appeal to an audience's sense of morality/trust or ethics; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position | 57 | |
| 4313970254 | logos | Appeal to an audience's sense of intellect or logic; Achieved by providing valid and relevant facts which support the speaker's position | 58 | |
| 4313970255 | asyndeton | Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y and Z | 59 | |
| 4313970256 | anaphora | A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. | 60 | |
| 4313970257 | antimetabole | Figure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause; a chiasmus on the level of words (A-B, B-A). For example, "And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (JFK). | 61 | |
| 4313970258 | alliteration | Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables; it is used to emphasize meaning or to improve flow through rhythm. | 62 | |
| 4313970259 | connotation | An implied meaning of the word. | 63 | |
| 4313970260 | denotation | A literal meaning or dictionary definition of a word. | 64 | |
| 4313970261 | hyperbole | A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor | 65 | |
| 4313970263 | zeugma | The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one. | 66 | |
| 4313970264 | ad hominem | An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. | 67 | |
| 4313970265 | red herring | An argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery. | 68 | |
| 4313970266 | hasty generalization | A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence. | 69 | |
| 4313970267 | circular reasoning | A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. | 70 | |
| 4313970268 | anecdote | A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event. | 71 | |
| 4313970269 | bandwagon appeal | A claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it. | 72 | |
| 4313970270 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 73 | |
| 4313970271 | claim of fact | A claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable. | 74 | |
| 4313970272 | claim of policy | A claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems. | 75 | |
| 4313970273 | claim | An assertion or a proposition that states the argument's main idea or position. | 76 | |
| 4313970274 | faulty analogy | An illogical, misleading comparison between two things. | 77 | |
| 4313970275 | straw man fallacy | This fallacy involves changing or exaggerating an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to refute. | 78 | |
| 4313970276 | either/or fallacy | A statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected, the other must be accepted | 79 | |
| 4313970277 | second hand evidence | Evidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation. (Facts and quantitative data). | 80 | |
| 4313970278 | first hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether its from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 81 | |
| 4313970279 | appeal to false authority | This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 82 | |
| 4313970280 | logical fallacy | An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. Generally occurs in arguments that fail to make concrete, logical claims for support. | 83 | |
| 4313970281 | quantitative evidence | Evidence that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers (surveys, census information, polls, statistics, etc.) | 84 | |
| 4313970282 | open thesis | A statement of the main idea of the argument that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover. | 85 | |
| 4313970283 | counterargument thesis | A summary of the counterargument usually qualified by although or but precedes the writer's opinion. This type of thesis statement has the advantage of immediately addressing the counterargument. | 86 | |
| 4313970284 | thesis | In an argument, an expression of the claim that the writer or speaker is trying to support. In an essay, an expression of the main idea or purpose of the piece of writing. | 87 | |
| 4313970285 | closed thesis | A statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 88 | |
| 4313970286 | claim of value | A claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion. | 89 |
