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| 7248006835 | Pathos | Greek for suffering or experience. speakers appeal to _ to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to _ might play on the audiences values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other. Ex: The most striking appeal to _ is the poignant contrast between Gehrig's horrible diagnosis and its public display of courage. | 0 | |
| 7248006836 | persona | Greek for "mask." The face or character the speaker shows to his or her audience. Ex: Lou Gehrig is a famous baseball hero, but in his speech he presents himself as a common man who is modest and thankful for the opportunities he's had. | 1 | |
| 7248006837 | polemic | Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all the others. _s generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit. | 2 | |
| 7248006838 | propaganda | the spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In it's negative sense _ is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. For more information see How to Detect _ on page 756 | 3 | |
| 7248006839 | purpose | The goal the speaker wants to achieve. Ex: One of Gehrig's chief _s in delivering his Farewell Address is to thank his fans and his teammates, but he also wants to demonstrate that he remains positive: he emphasizes his past luck and present optimism and down plays his illness | 4 | |
| 7248006840 | refutation | A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. in order to sound reasonable, _s often follow a concession that you acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. Ex: Lou Gehrig _s that his bad break is a cause for discouragement by saying that he has "an awful lot to live for!" | 5 | |
| 7248006841 | rhetoric | As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience. | 6 | |
| 7248006842 | rhetorical appeals | _ techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major _s are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion). | 7 | |
| 7248006843 | rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle) | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. See pg. 4 | 8 | |
| 7248006844 | SOAPS | A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation. | 9 | |
| 7248006845 | speaker | The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement. Ex: In his Farewell Address, the _ is not just Lou Gehrig, but baseball hero and ALS victim Lou Gehrig, a common man who is modest and thankful for the opportunities he's had. | 10 | |
| 7248006846 | subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. Ex: Lou Gehrig's _ in his speech is his illness, but it is also a catalog of all the lucky breaks that proceeded his diagnosis. | 11 | |
| 7248006847 | text | While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more. | 12 | |
| 7248006848 | Aristotelian triangle | see rhetorical triangle | 13 | |
| 7248006849 | audience | The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple _s. Ex: Gehrig's _was his teammates and fans in the stadium that day, but it was also the teams he played against, the fans listening on the radio, and posterity-us. | 14 | |
| 7248006850 | concession | An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. And a strong argument, a _ is usually accompanied by refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. Ex: Lou Gehrig _s what some of his listeners may think-does bad break it's a cause for discouragement or despair. | 15 | |
| 7248006851 | connotation | Meanings or associations that readers have with the word Beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. _s are usually positive or negative, and it can greatly affect the author's tone. Consider the _s of the words below, all of which mean "overweight." | 16 | |
| 7248006852 | context | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. Ex: The _ for Lou Gehrig's speech is the recent announcement of his illness and his subsequent retirement, but also the poignant contrast between his potent career and his debilitating disease. | 17 | |
| 7248006853 | counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. rather than ignoring a _, a strong writer we usually addressed to the process of concession and refutation. Ex: Some of Lou Gehrig's listeners might have argued that his bad break was a cause for discouragement or despair. | 18 | |
| 7248006854 | ethos | Greek for "character". Speakers appeal to _ to demonstrate their credible and trustworthy to speak in a given topic _ is established by both who you are and what you say. Ex: Lou Gehrig brings the _ of being a legendary athlete to his speech, yet in it he establishes a different kind of _-that have a regular guy that good sport who shares the audiences love of baseball and family. And like them, he has known good luck and bad breaks. | 19 | |
| 7248006855 | logos | Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to _, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. Ex: Gehrig starts with a thesis that "he is the luckiest man on the face of the Earth" and supports it with two points. The love and kindness he's received in his 17 years of playing baseball, and a list of great people who have been his friends, family, and teammates. | 20 | |
| 7248006856 | occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. Ex: In the case of Gehrig's speech, the _ is Lou Gehrig's Appreciation Day. More specifically, his moment comes at home plate between games of a doubleheader. | 21 | |
| 7446532294 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs (meaning "Cleveland's baseball team"). | 22 | |
| 7446551283 | metonymy | the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing. | 23 | |
| 7446561662 | polysyndeton | Polysyndeton is a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect. | 24 |
