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| 7567099304 | Pathos | Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. | 0 | |
| 7567099305 | Logos | Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeals logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | 1 | |
| 7567110607 | Ethos | Greek word for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak to you on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say. | 2 | |
| 7567119419 | Zeugma | Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings. | 3 | |
| 7567122822 | Personification | Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or idea. | 4 | |
| 7567128304 | Ad hominem | Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. | 5 | |
| 7567133242 | Ad populum | Latin for "to the people," this fallacy occurs when evidence used to defend an argument boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." | 6 | |
| 7567139863 | Thesis | A statement of theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. | 7 | |
| 7567148721 | Anecdote | A brief story used to illustrate a point or claim. | 8 | |
| 7567152582 | Deduction | A logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process is usually demonstrated in the form of syllogism. | 9 | |
| 7567161651 | Induction | From the latin "inducere" or "to lead into," this is a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. | 10 | |
| 7567170763 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. | 11 | |
| 7567175561 | Oxymoron | A paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory on the surface but delivers an ironic truth. | 12 | |
| 7567180367 | Anaphora | Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a successive phrases, clauses, or lines. | 13 | |
| 7567183421 | Metaphor | Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as. | 14 | |
| 7567185822 | Metonymy | Figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it. | 15 | |
| 7567190411 | Imagery | A description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds. Imagery may use literal or figurative language to appeal to the senses. | 16 | |
| 7567197648 | Counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. | 17 | |
| 7567203109 | Rhetoric | Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience. | 18 | |
| 7567210817 | Simile | A figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using the words like, as , or through. | 19 | |
| 7567214963 | Repetition | A literary device used to draw the reader's attention to a specific thought or idea. | 20 | |
| 7567221709 | SOAPS | A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation. | 21 | |
| 7567226277 | Diction | A speaker's choice or words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message. | 22 | |
| 7567228757 | Syntax | The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order and the length and structure of sentences. | 23 | |
| 7567234436 | Red herring | A type of logical fallacy wherein the speaker relies on distraction to derail an argument, usually by skipping go a new or irrelevant topic. The term derives from the dried fish that trainers used to distract dogs when teaching them to hunt foxes. | 24 | |
| 7567241768 | Passive voice | A sentence employs this when the subject doesn't act but rather is acted on. | 25 | |
| 7567245774 | Aristotelian triangle | A diagram that illustrates the inter-relationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. | 26 | |
| 7567256556 | Active reading | Actively examining a text in its sentence structure, vocabulary, imagery, and figurative language. | 27 | |
| 7567261736 | Fallacy | Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 28 | |
| 7567265419 | Synecdoche | Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. | 29 | |
| 7567269671 | Trope | Artful diction; from the greek word for "turning," a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche. | 30 | |
| 7567273842 | Complex sentence | A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. | 31 | |
| 7567276134 | Compound sentence | A sentence that includes at least two independent clauses. | 32 | |
| 7567279854 | Subordination | The use of a subordinating conjunction to make the meaning of one clause dependent on another clause. | 33 | |
| 7567285317 | Independent clause | A whole thought; a sentence. | 34 | |
| 7567286635 | Dependent clause | An incomplete sentence; not a sentence (which, who, as, that, because, if) | 35 | |
| 7567296491 | Appositives | A noun or noun phrase that tells you more about a preceding noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. | 36 | |
| 7567305045 | Cumulative sentences | A sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on. | 37 | |
| 7567312257 | Periodic sentence | A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end. | 38 | |
| 7567313640 | Inverted sentence | Inverted order of words in a sentence (deviation from the standard subject-verb-object order). | 39 | |
| 7567317734 | Subject | The person, place, or idea that is doing or being something. | 40 | |
| 7567325418 | Verb | A word that expresses an action or a state of being. | 41 | |
| 7567326689 | Direct object | A noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of transitive verb. | 42 | |
| 7567331945 | Indirect object | A noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb. | 43 | |
| 7567335794 | Subject complement | The adjective, noun, or pronoun that follows a linking verb. | 44 | |
| 7567338789 | Predicate nominative | A word in the nominative case that completes a copulative verb, such as "son" in the sentence: "Charlie is my son." | 45 | |
| 7567338790 | Predicate adjective | An adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the linking verb. | 46 | |
| 7567347734 | Coordination | Uses coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, or punctuation to combine short independent clauses into a single sentence. Implies the balance of elements that are of equal semantic value in the sentence. | 47 | |
| 7567355390 | Prepositional phrase | A modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object. | 48 | |
| 7567357968 | Participial phrase | A verbal ending in -ing or -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun. | 49 | |
| 7567362360 | Adjective clause | A dependent clause that, like an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun (that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which, and why). | 50 | |
| 7567365481 | Adverb clause | A group of words that function as an adverb (when, where, and why, how, how much and under what condition). | 51 | |
| 7567368915 | Gerund | A form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing ("asking" in: "do you mind my asking you?") | 52 | |
| 7567373432 | Participle | A word formed from a verb and used as an adjective (going, gone, being, been). | 53 | |
| 7567378243 | Infinitive | The basic form of a verb (to sing, to dance, to walk). | 54 | |
| 7567381744 | Parallel structure | Similarity of a structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. | 55 | |
| 7567383408 | Antimetable | Repletion of words in reverse order. | 56 | |
| 7580561319 | Anthesis | Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel structure: small step for man, giant leap for mankind | 57 |
