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| 9805773119 | Cumulative (Loose) Sentence | begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause. Ex.) He might consider paying the higher fees at a private university, if the teacher/ student ratio is small, if the teachers are highly qualified, and if the job placement rate is high. | 0 | |
| 9805773120 | Periodic Sentence | a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense. Ex.) Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie. |  | 1 |
| 9805773121 | Litotes | a figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement. Ex.) When asked how someone is doing, that person might respond, "I'm not bad." In fact, this means that the person is doing fine or even quite well. The extent to which the litotes means the opposite is dependent on context. The person saying "I'm not bad," may have recently gone through a divorce and is trying to reassure his friend by saying that things are okay. | 2 | |
| 9805773124 | Pathos | an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response. | 3 | |
| 9805773127 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. |  | 4 |
| 9805773132 | Enthymeme | Essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood. Ex.) You should take her class because I learned so much from her last year. (Implied premise: If you take her class, you will learn a lot too). | 5 | |
| 9805773139 | Anaphora | the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect. Ex.) We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. |  | 6 |
| 9805773140 | Epistrophe | repetition of a concluding word or word endings. Ex.) "He's learning fast, are you learning fast?" |  | 7 |
| 9805773141 | Synecdoche | a rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part. Ex.) "Twenty eyes watched our move." "All hands on deck." | 8 | |
| 9805773144 | Allusion | brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art. Ex.) Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah. | 9 | |
| 9805773145 | Hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point. Ex.) My first and last name together generally served the same purpose as a high brick wall. | 10 | |
| 9805773147 | Alliteration | Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence. Ex.) Let us go forth to lead the land we love. |  | 11 |
| 9805773148 | Asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. Ex.) We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. | 12 | |
| 9805773149 | Polysyndeton | the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words. Ex.) I paid for my plane ticket and the taxes, and the fees, and the charge for the checked bags and five dollars for a bottle of water. |  | 13 |
| 9805773150 | Parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Ex.) Let both sides explore... Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals...Let both sides seek to invoke...Let both sides unite to heed... | 14 | |
| 9805773151 | Antithesis | opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction. Ex.) We shall support any friend, oppose any foe. | 15 | |
| 9805773152 | Enumeration | to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list |  | 16 |
| 9805773157 | Ad Hominem Argument | a fallacy of argument in which the writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his or her character. | 17 | |
| 9805773158 | Bandwagon Appeal | a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it. | 18 | |
| 9805773159 | Begging the Question | a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute. Ex.) Rita can't be the bicycle thief; she's never stolen anything. | 19 | |
| 9805773161 | Anecdote | a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim. |  | 20 |
| 9805773167 | Process | simply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done. | 21 | |
| 9805773168 | Definition | identifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class. There are several types of definitions: physical, historical, emotional, psychological, and relationship(s) to others. | 22 | |
| 9805773169 | Narration | is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end. | 23 | |
| 9805773170 | Description | writing that appeals t the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings. | 24 | |
| 9805773174 | Faulty casuality | a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions. | 25 | |
| 9805878439 | understatement | ironic minimizing of fact, understanding presents something as less significant than it is; this effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic | 26 | |
| 9805887304 | homily | this term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice | 27 | |
| 9805905425 | metonymy | the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it | 28 | |
| 9805915558 | paradox | a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity | 29 | |
| 9805934469 | litotes | a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite | 30 | |
| 9805940559 | Rogerian argument | common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach agreement | 31 | |
| 9805964986 | Invitational argument | a respectful kind that enables both parties to completely understand each other's point of view and work toward a new understanding. | 32 | |
| 9805988030 | reverent | treating a subject with honor and respect | 33 | |
| 9805992662 | sardonic | scornfully and bitterly sarcastic | 34 | |
| 9806011384 | malicious | purposely hurtful | 35 | |
| 9806023845 | callous | unfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others | 36 | |
| 9806032594 | choleric | hot-tempered, easily angered | 37 | |
| 9806041098 | apathetic | indifferent due to lack of energy or concern | 38 | |
| 9806044734 | indignant | marked by anger aroused by injustice | 39 | |
| 9806051553 | erudite | learned, polished, scholarly | 40 | |
| 9806059920 | contemplative | studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue | 41 | |
| 9806066494 | obsequious | polite and obedient in order to gain something | 42 | |
| 9806074714 | satiric | ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point, teach | 43 | |
| 9806082065 | whimsical | odd, strange, fantastic; fun | 44 | |
| 9806091213 | patronizing | air of condescension | 45 |
