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| 5105446536 | Cumulative (Loose) Sentence | begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause. Ex.) He might consider paying the higher fees at a private university, if the teacher/ student ratio is small, if the teachers are highly qualified, and if the job placement rate is high. | 0 | |
| 5105446537 | Periodic Sentence | a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense. Ex.) Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie. |  | 1 |
| 5105446538 | Litotes | a figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement. Ex.) When asked how someone is doing, that person might respond, "I'm not bad." In fact, this means that the person is doing fine or even quite well. The extent to which the litotes means the opposite is dependent on context. The person saying "I'm not bad," may have recently gone through a divorce and is trying to reassure his friend by saying that things are okay. | 2 | |
| 5105446539 | Warrant | expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 3 | |
| 5105446540 | Ethos | an appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. | 4 | |
| 5105446541 | Pathos | an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response. | 5 | |
| 5105446542 | Logos | an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason. | 6 | |
| 5105446543 | Concession | an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity if the opposing argument. Ex.) Lou Gehrig concedes what some of his listeners may think—that his bad break is a cause for discouragement or despair. | 7 | |
| 5105446544 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. |  | 8 |
| 5105446545 | Major premise | contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion. |  | 9 |
| 5105446546 | Minor premise | contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion. | | 10 |
| 5105446547 | Induction | the Latin inducere, "to lead into," induction is a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. Ex.) Regular exercise promotes weight loss. Exercise lowers stress levels. Exercise improves mood and outlook. Generalization: Exercise contributes to better health. | 11 | |
| 5105446548 | Deduction | a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism: Ex.) Major premise- Exercise contributes to better health. Minor premise- Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion- Yoga contributes to better health. | 12 | |
| 5105446549 | Enthymeme | Essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood. Ex.) You should take her class because I learned so much from her last year. (Implied premise: If you take her class, you will learn a lot too). | 13 | |
| 5105446550 | Equivocation | a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language. | 14 | |
| 5105446551 | Refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a refutation often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. One of the stages in classical oration, usually following the confirmation, or proof, and preceding the conclusion, or peroration. Ex.) Lou Gehrig refutes that his bad break is a cause for discouragement by saying that he has "an awful lot to live for!" | 15 | |
| 5105446552 | Epanalepsis | a figure of speech defined by the repetition of the initial word (or words) of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence. Ex.) In times like these, it is helpful to remember that there have always been times like these. |  | 16 |
| 5105446553 | Diction | a speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message. | 17 | |
| 5105446554 | Simile | a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though. Ex.) Zoos are pretty, contained, and accessible...Sort of like a biological Crabtree & Evelyn basket selected with you in mind. |  | 18 |
| 5105446555 | Metaphor | figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as. Ex.) And if a beachhead of a cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion. | 19 | |
| 5105446556 | Anaphora | the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect. Ex.) We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. |  | 20 |
| 5105446557 | Epistrophe | repetition of a concluding word or word endings. When the epistrophe focuses on sounds rather than entire words, we normally call it rhyme. Epistrophe is an example of a rhetorical scheme. Ex.) "He's learning fast, are you learning fast?" |  | 21 |
| 5105446558 | Synecdoche | a rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part. Ex.) "Twenty eyes watched our move." "All hands on deck." | 22 | |
| 5105446559 | Rhetoric | Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience. | 23 | |
| 5105446560 | Rhetorical Triangle | writer-context-audience |  | 24 |
| 5105446561 | Allusion | brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art. Ex.) Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah. | 25 | |
| 5105446562 | Hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point. Ex.) My first and last name together generally served the same purpose as a high brick wall. | 26 | |
| 5105446563 | Personification | attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea. Ex.) ...with history the final judge of our deeds... | 27 | |
| 5105446564 | Alliteration | Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence. Ex.) Let us go forth to lead the land we love. |  | 28 |
| 5105446565 | Asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. Ex.) We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. | 29 | |
| 5105446566 | Polysyndeton | the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words. Ex.) I paid for my plane ticket and the taxes, and the fees, and the charge for the checked bags and five dollars for a bottle of water. |  | 30 |
| 5105446567 | Parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Ex.) Let both sides explore... Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals...Let both sides seek to invoke...Let both sides unite to heed... | 31 | |
| 5105446568 | Antithesis | opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction. Ex.) We shall support any friend, oppose any foe. | 32 | |
| 5105446569 | Enumeration | to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list |  | 33 |
| 5105446570 | Rhetorical Question | Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid? | 34 | |
| 5105446571 | Chiasmus | the reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him. |  | 35 |
| 5105446572 | Rebuttal | In the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections. |  | 36 |
| 5105446573 | Fallacy of Argument | a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect. |  | 37 |
| 5105446574 | Ad Hominem Argument | a fallacy of argument in which the writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his or her character. | 38 | |
| 5105446575 | Bandwagon Appeal | a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it. | 39 | |
| 5105446576 | Begging the Question | a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute. Ex.) Rita can't be the bicycle thief; she's never stolen anything. | 40 | |
| 5105446577 | Periphrasis | the substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or conversely the use of a proper name as a shorthand to stand for qualities associated with it. Ex.) in the TV show "Dinosaurs" the infant dino called his father "Not-the-Mama." | 41 | |
| 5105446578 | Anecdote | a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim. |  | 42 |
| 5105446579 | Modes of Disclosure | Exposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it. | 43 | |
| 5105446580 | Example | a specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic. | 44 | |
| 5105446581 | Contrast/ Comparison | a method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination | 45 | |
| 5105446582 | Cause and Effect | establishes a relationship: B is the result of A. The cause-and-effect essay can emphasize the cause and effect, or can treat both equally. | 46 | |
| 5105446583 | Classification | separates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category. | 47 | |
| 5105446584 | Process | simply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done. | 48 | |
| 5105446585 | Definition | identifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class. There are several types of definitions: physical, historical, emotional, psychological, and relationship(s) to others. | 49 | |
| 5105446586 | Narration | is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end. | 50 | |
| 5105446587 | Description | writing that appeals t the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings. | 51 | |
| 5105446588 | Dogmatism` | a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community. | 52 | |
| 5105446589 | Either-or-choice | a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other. | 53 | |
| 5105446590 | False authority | a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials. | 54 | |
| 5105446591 | Faulty casuality | a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions. | 55 | |
| 5105446592 | Hasty generalization | a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data. | 56 | |
| 5105446593 | Non sequitor | a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another. | 57 |
