Terms : Hide Images
| 4722365613 | rhetoric | The art of using language effectively and persuasively | 0 | |
| 4722365581 | rhetorical strategy | the organizational structure(s) of a piece; examples include cause & effect, compare & contrast, process analysis, chronological, etc | 1 | |
| 4722365580 | rhetorical techniques | how the author chooses to develop the piece through tone, diction, syntax, organization (aka strategy), and point of view | 2 | |
| 4722365579 | rhetorical devices | the tools and mechanisms a writer employs; four main categories are addition, subtraction, substitution, transposition | 3 | |
| 4722365598 | modes of discourse | narration, description, argument, exposition | 4 | |
| 7181239493 | genre | a major category or type of literature; most believe there are three categories (others will sub-divide further) | 5 | |
| 7181239774 | poetry | also known as verse; one of the three major genres of literature, the others being prose and drama | 6 | |
| 7181240207 | prose | the ordinary form of spoken or written language, one of the three major genres of literature, does not have a regular rhythmic pattern | 7 | |
| 7181241142 | drama | A work of literature designed to be performed in front of an audience; one of the three major genres of literature | 8 | |
| 4722365597 | style | the mode of expression in language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author. Many elements contribute to it; most notably, diction and syntax. | 9 | |
| 4722365578 | voice | the writer's distinctive use of language in a story; similar to style | 10 | |
| 4722365574 | speaker | the person or voice who narrates | 11 | |
| 7168898433 | occasion | An aspect of context; the time & place as well as the cause or reason for writing/speaking | 12 | |
| 7168903088 | audience | the intended listener or reader | 13 | |
| 7168903823 | purpose | the reason behind the text (inform, entertain, argue, etc) | 14 | |
| 7168904679 | subject | main idea and topic (or both) of a text | 15 | |
| 4722365577 | tone | the attitude a speaker or writer takes towards the subject of their writing; conveyed through connotation, figurative language, sound devices, etc | 16 | |
| 7181249215 | attitude | the writer's position regarding the subject of their writing; this is revealed through tone | 17 | |
| 4722365572 | atmosphere/mood | the emotive response elicited in the reader | 18 | |
| 4722365611 | Aristotle's appeals | three ways to gain the audience's support of one's ideas: logos, ethos, pathos | 19 | |
| 4722365507 | logos | an appeal to logic | 20 | |
| 4722365508 | pathos | an appeal to emotions | 21 | |
| 4722365509 | ethos | an appeal to author's credibility | 22 | |
| 4722365559 | denotation | the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word or phrase devoid of emotion, attitude or color | 23 | |
| 4722365558 | connotation | the implications of a word or phrase as well as its exact meaning | 24 | |
| 4722365520 | telegraphic sentences | shorter than 5 words | 25 | |
| 4722365521 | short sentences | approximately 5 words in length | 26 | |
| 4722365522 | long and involved sentences | 30 words or more in length (How does the sentence length fit the subject matter? What variety of lengths is present? How is length effective?) | 27 | |
| 4722365523 | declarative (assertive) | makes a statement ex. The king is sick. | 28 | |
| 4722365524 | imperative | gives a command ex. Cure the king. | 29 | |
| 4722365525 | interrogative | asks a question ex. Is the king sick? | 30 | |
| 4722365526 | exclamatory | provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion ex. Long live the king! | 31 | |
| 4722365527 | simple sentence | contains one subject and one verb (independent clause) | 32 | |
| 4722365528 | compound sentence | contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semicolon | 33 | |
| 4722365529 | complex sentences | contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses | 34 | |
| 7168819026 | compound-complex sentence | at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses | 35 | |
| 4722365530 | loose sentence | A sentence that could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence 'We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.'" - Kennedy | 36 | |
| 4722365531 | periodic sentence | A complex sentence that only makes sense when the end of the sentence is reached ex. That morning, after a long flight, we reached Edmonton. | 37 | |
| 4722365532 | balanced sentence | the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length | 38 | |
| 4722365533 | natural order | constructing a sentence so that the subject comes before the predicate | 39 | |
| 4722365534 | inverted order (sentence inversion) | constructing a sentence so that the predicate comes before the subject ex. In Florida grow the oranges. | 40 | |
| 4722365535 | active voice | the subject performs the action; writing sounds more alive in this tense | 41 | |
| 4722365612 | passive voice | the subject is acted upon | 42 | |
| 7168906310 | thesis | subject of the piece with an opinion; is defended through the text | 43 | |
| 4722365536 | appositives | set off by commas, adds information ex. My teacher, the lovely Mrs. Ayer, does not assign that much homework. | 44 | |
| 4722365625 | hook | The first sentence or question in an essay that is designed to grab the reader's attention | 45 | |
| 7181231436 | epistolary | A piece of literature contained in or carried on by letters | 46 | |
| 4722365537 | author asides | usually in parentheses; author intrudes story ex. She could not choose between the two suitors. (Patience, dear reader. These matters will soon be settled.) | 47 | |
| 4722365538 | ellipsis | allows material to be extracted without altering meaning of larger piece | 48 | |
| 4722365539 | parallel structure (parallelism) | grammatical or structural similarity between sentences of parts of a sentence. It involves a mirroring of arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs | 49 | |
| 4722365540 | rhetorical question | a question that expects no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement | 50 | |
| 4722365609 | hypophora | asking a question and then answering it | 51 | |
| 4722365542 | allusion | an indirect reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place, or thing | 52 | |
| 7181232902 | elegy | a formal poem presenting a meditation on death or another solemn theme | 53 | |
| 4722365544 | apostrophe | a form of personification in which the absent, the dead, or abstract concepts are spoken to as if present | 54 | |
| 7181232531 | eulogy | speech in praise of someone | 55 | |
| 4722365541 | alliteration | repetition of initial consonant sound of several consecutive or neighboring words | 56 | |
| 7168898046 | sibilance | alliteration of a hissing sound | 57 | |
| 7181238782 | cacophony | A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds | 58 | |
| 4722365545 | assonance | the repetition of accented vowel sound in a series of words ex: 'Cause, baby, now we got bad BLOOD You know it used to be mad LOVE So take a look what you've DONE... -Swift | 59 | |
| 4722365546 | consonance | the repetition of a consonant within words in a series of words to produce a harmonious effect ex: Do noT go genTle inTo thaT good nighT - Thomas | 60 | |
| 4722365543 | antithesis | using opposite phrases in proximity and usually with similar grammatical structure (e.g. I burn and I freeze; Evil men fear authority; good men cherish it) | 61 | |
| 4722365548 | levels of diction | elevated, formal, scholarly neutral informal, low, vulgar, colloquial | 62 | |
| 4722365549 | elevated, formal, scholarly diction | usually contains language that creates an elevated tone. It is free of slang, idioms, colloquialisms, contractions, and contradiction. It often contains polysyllabic words, sophisticated syntax, and elegant word choice. | 63 | |
| 4722365550 | neutral diction | standard language and vocabulary without elaborate words or specific connotations | 64 | |
| 4722365551 | informal diction | the language of everyday use. It is relaxed and conversational. It often includes common and simple words, idioms, slang, jargon, and contractions | 65 | |
| 4722365555 | vulgar | coarse, common, vernacular, lacking in cultivation or taste | 66 | |
| 7181236542 | invective | insulting, abusive, or highly critical language | 67 | |
| 4722365552 | dialect | a nonstandard subgroup of language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features. Writers often use regional dialects the reveal a social or economic class (Use this term instead of "accent") | 68 | |
| 4722365553 | jargon | consists of words and expressions characteristic of a particular trade, profession or pursuit | 69 | |
| 4722365554 | slang | refers to a recently coined word or phrase, often out of usage within months or years, often meant to exclude | 70 | |
| 7168923810 | epithet | disparaging or descriptive name | 71 | |
| 4722365556 | abstract diction | refers to words that express ideas or concepts: love, time, truth. Leaves out some characteristics found in each individual, and instead observes a quality common to many | 72 | |
| 4722365557 | concrete diction | refers to words that we can immediately perceive with our senses- dog, actor, chemical | 73 | |
| 7168928331 | diminutive | a suffix indicating small size, youth, familiarity, affection, or contempt; | 74 | |
| 7168927924 | portmanteau word | a word blending the sound/meaning of 2 words (brunch) | 75 | |
| 4722365561 | anachronism | assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence | 76 | |
| 7181237571 | archaism | very old or old-fashioned language | 77 | |
| 4722365562 | archetype | an abstract or ideal conception of a type;a perfectly typical example;an original model or form. HERO, Damsel in distress, femme fatale | 78 | |
| 4722365570 | simile | a comparison of two different things using like or as | 79 | |
| 4722365564 | metaphor | a comparison of two unlike things | 80 | |
| 4722365563 | conceit | unusual and elaborate comparison between two very different things | 81 | |
| 4722365560 | allegory | a prolonged metaphor, a narrative in which characters, objects, and events have underlaying political, religious, moral, or social meanings | 82 | |
| 4722365565 | metonymy | the use of the name of one thing for that of another associated or suggested by it. ex: white house=government | 83 | |
| 4722365571 | synecdoche | a part of something stands for the whole. Ex: all hands on deck | 84 | |
| 4722365566 | motif | the repetition or variation of an image or an idea in a work that is used to develop the theme or characters ex: light and dark in Scarlet Letter | 85 | |
| 7168922313 | malapropism | humorous misuse of a word | 86 | |
| 4722365567 | oxymoron | a form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression. ex: bittersweet, going down in an elavator | 87 | |
| 7168923304 | eponym | a person whose name is, or is thought to be, the source of the name of something | 88 | |
| 4722365568 | paradox | a statement that appears contradictory at first, but actually represents a truth | 89 | |
| 4722365569 | personification | giving human characterisics to inanimate objects or abstract ideas | 90 | |
| 4722365573 | epiphany | a sudden insight or understanding. An intuitive grasp of reality achieved in a quick flash of recognition in which something, usually simple and commonplace, is seen in a new light | 91 | |
| 4722365575 | In Medias Res | In the middle of things. it is the literary device of opening the story in the middle of the action. The narrative generally unfolds via flashback, as is logical | 92 | |
| 4722365576 | stream of consciousness | a style of writing that portrays the inner and often chaotic workings of a speaker's mind through interior monologue | 93 | |
| 4722365582 | anaphora | the same words begin successive sentences for emphasis. It mimics biblical syntax - hence, when an author uses this, it is used to create authority | 94 | |
| 7168927538 | palindrome | A word or an expression that is spelled the same backward and forward | 95 | |
| 4722365585 | chiasmus | a pattern in which the second part is balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed. Ex: flowers are lovely, but love is flowerlike | 96 | |
| 4722365586 | asyndeton | the practice of leaving out the usual conjunctions between coordinate sentence elements. Ex: smile, shake hands, part | 97 | |
| 4722365587 | polysyndeton | the use of more conjunctions than is normal. Ex: lions and tigers and bears | 98 | |
| 4722365547 | hyperbole | a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration. It may be used for either serious or comic effect | 99 | |
| 4722365588 | litotes | understatement phrased in the negative ("He's not terrible" means he's pretty great) | 100 | |
| 7168930832 | cliche | A hackneyed or trite phrase that has become overused | 101 | |
| 4722365589 | verbal irony | saying one thing but meaning another | 102 | |
| 4722365590 | dramatic irony | the audience knows something that the character does not | 103 | |
| 4722365591 | situational irony | a situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality or expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate. An example is seeing your health teacher smoke a cigarette. | 104 | |
| 4722365592 | cosmic-irony of fate | this is when luck, fate, or chance, is deliberately frustrating human efforts | 105 | |
| 7181242446 | double entendre | a word or phrase open to two interpretations, one of which is usually risqué or indecent. | 106 | |
| 7181235368 | euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 107 | |
| 7181294858 | circumlocution | an indirect expression; use of wordy or evasive language | 108 | |
| 4722365593 | ambiguity | a technique by which a writer deliberately suggest two or more different and sometimes conflicting meanings in a word, phrase, or entire work | 109 | |
| 7168924697 | synesthesia | One sensory experience described in terms of another sensory experience (could smell her anger) | 110 | |
| 4722365594 | juxtaposition | a poetic and rhetorical device in which normal unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit | 111 | |
| 4722365595 | antecedent | that which goes before, especially the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers | 112 | |
| 7181231851 | epitaph | an inscription on a tombstone; a brief comment about a deceased person | 113 | |
| 7181234202 | epigraph | a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme. | 114 | |
| 4722365599 | zeugma | a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others (usually in a different sense) | 115 | |
| 4722365601 | syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. | 116 | |
| 4722365602 | enthymeme | A syllogism in which one of the premises is already so widely known and accepted that it is omitted | 117 | |
| 4722365603 | claim | A statement or assertion that is open to challenge and that requires support | 118 | |
| 4722365519 | qualifier | limits the claim (since there are few absolutes) | 119 | |
| 4722365515 | inductive reasoning | A method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization. | 120 | |
| 4722365516 | deductive reasoning | A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. | 121 | |
| 4722365518 | conditions of rebuttal | anticipates and addresses the counter-arguments; rebuttal attacks the reasons and grounds &/or the warrant and backing | 122 | |
| 4722365604 | reasons | Support claims; each claim likely has many of these | 123 | |
| 4722365605 | warrant | Unstated assumption | 124 | |
| 4722365606 | grounds | Similar to confirmatio; this is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim. | 125 | |
| 4722365517 | backing | supports the warrant | 126 | |
| 4722365607 | Rogerian | Seeks common ground, builds trust, and reduces threat | 127 | |
| 4722365608 | Toulmin | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. Template: because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation). | 128 | |
| 4722365614 | pro and con synthesis | a form of argument whereby one moves from point to counterpoint and synthesizes the conclusion | 129 | |
| 4722365615 | slanting | a fallacy wherein information is exaggerated or suppressed | 130 | |
| 4722365506 | fallacy | an error in reasoning | 131 | |
| 4722365616 | unrepresentative sample | data is flawed due to limited scope | 132 | |
| 4722365511 | bandwagon | A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. | 133 | |
| 4722365510 | slippery slope | A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented | 134 | |
| 4722365617 | non sequitur | an attempt to tie together unrelated ideas | 135 | |
| 4722365514 | ad hominem | An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. | 136 | |
| 4722365512 | post hoc | Arguments confuse chronology with causation: the belief that one event cannot occur after another without being caused by it. | 137 | |
| 4722365618 | red herring | information that is related to the topic, but not germane to the argument | 138 | |
| 4722365619 | faulty syllogism | attempts to get more out of the premise than is warranted | 139 | |
| 4722365513 | straw man | a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position | 140 | |
| 4722365620 | false analogy | comparing two events or issues that do not have that much in common | 141 | |
| 7181254245 | no true Scotsman fallacy | a fallacy wherein evidence that supports a claim is discredited because it "couldn't be real" because it does not meet a stereotyped view | 142 | |
| 7181245096 | ad populem argument | fallacious argument that appeals to the passions & prejudices of a group rather than its reason ("It's the American way") | 143 | |
| 4722365621 | either/or; false dichotomy; black/white fallacy | limits a complex issue to just two options | 144 | |
| 4722365622 | argument from ignorance; appeal to ignorance | the argument that, since it can't be proven untrue, it must be true | 145 | |
| 4722365623 | false authority | when people offer themselves or unreliable/suspicious sources as authorities on the subject | 146 | |
| 4722365624 | begging the question; circular reasoning | supporting the premise with the premise | 147 | |
| 7181266263 | overgeneralization | A broad conclusion; often uses all-or-nothing words like every, always, and never (avoid overgeneralizing) | 148 | |
| 7181265711 | generalization | a broad statement obtained by inference from specific cases. | 149 |
