AP language rhetorical vocabulary
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| 7485410825 | audience | One's listener or readership; those to whom text is addressed | 0 | |
| 7485413905 | concession | An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point | 1 | |
| 7485417048 | context | words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning | 2 | |
| 7485421098 | counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward | 3 | |
| 7485422611 | occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written | 4 | |
| 7485424601 | persona | the face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience | 5 | |
| 7485426425 | polemic | Controversial argument, esp. one attacking a specific idea | 6 | |
| 7487103229 | propaganda | Ideas spread the influence public opinion for or against a cause | 7 | |
| 7487122996 | purpose | One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing | 8 | |
| 7487139080 | refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument | 9 | |
| 7487143489 | rhetoric | the art of using language effectively and persuasively | 10 | |
| 7487155351 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are ethos, logos, pathos | 11 | |
| 7487169039 | Rhetorical triangle | a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience | 12 | |
| 7487178285 | speaker | the term used for the author, speaker, or person whose perspective is being advanced | 13 | |
| 7487193612 | subject | In rhetoric, the topic addressed in the text | 14 | |
| 7487202636 | text claim of value A claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion. | Any cultural product that can be "read", meaning consumed, comprehended, and investigated. Fiction, Nonfiction, poetry, speeches, fine art, cartoons, cultural trends, performances, etc | 15 | |
| 7487213909 | tone | Attitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices) | 16 | |
| 7487221830 | antithesis | An opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses. | 17 | |
| 7487225959 | archaic diction | The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language. | 18 | |
| 7487233180 | cumulative sentence | A sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (main clause is at the beginning). | 19 | |
| 7487236981 | hortative sentence | hortative sentence A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. | 20 | |
| 7487243577 | imperative sentence | A sentence that requests or commands. | 21 | |
| 7487249656 | inversion | i The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. | 22 | |
| 7487258716 | juxtaposition | Placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast. | 23 | |
| 7487285684 | metaphor | A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared, does not use like or as. | 24 | |
| 7487292506 | parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. | 25 | |
| 7487299601 | rhetorical question | A figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer | 26 | |
| 7487306540 | synecdoche | A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part. | 27 | |
| 7487315609 | ad populum | Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true. Bandwagon appeal. | 28 | |
| 7487321272 | argument | argument A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 29 | |
| 7487328048 | assumption | assumption A fact or statement that is taken for granted rather than tested or proved. | 30 | |
| 7487343796 | backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument. | 31 | |
| 7489048434 | begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 32 | |
| 7489058058 | the classical oration | A five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion. | 33 | |
| 7489064485 | narration (narratio) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing. | 34 | |
| 7489075878 | confirmation (confirmatio) | Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case. | 35 | |
| 7489083049 | refutation (refutatio) | Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion. | 36 | |
| 7489094599 | deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. | 37 | |
| 7489104863 | either/or (false dilemma) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 38 | |
| 7489110999 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 39 | |
| 7489118514 | induction | A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances. | 40 | |
| 7489123337 | qualifier | Words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute. | 41 | |
| 7489127134 | reservation | An unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly. | 42 | |
| 7489141893 | Rogerian arguments | Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. | 43 | |
| 7489148584 | second-hand evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 44 | |
| 7489152565 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 45 | |
| 7489159719 | syllogism | A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. A syllogism is the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. | 46 | |
| 7489166314 | Toulmin model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosphopher Stephen T in his book the Uses of Argument; "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of its waterproof material, unless, of course, there is a hole in it." | 47 | |
| 7489173267 | warrant | The warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 48 | |
| 7489180181 | oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. | 49 | |
| 7489184811 | pathos | Appeal to emotion; Achieved by evoking feelings like sympathy, anger, pity, or compassion. | 50 | |
| 7489189554 | ethos | Appeal to an audience's sense of morality/trust or ethics; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position | 51 | |
| 7489195196 | logos | Appeal to an audience's sense of intellect or logic; Achieved by providing valid and relevant facts which support the speaker's position | 52 | |
| 7489200446 | anaphora | A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences. | 53 | |
| 7489205541 | antimetabole | Figure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause; a chiasmus on the level of words (A-B, B-A). For example, "And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (JFK). | 54 | |
| 7489211488 | ad hominem | An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. | 55 | |
| 7489216904 | red herring | An argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery. | 56 | |
| 7489221135 | hasty generalization | A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence. | 57 | |
| 7489225292 | circular reasoning | A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. | 58 | |
| 7489229591 | anecdote | A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event. | 59 | |
| 7489233492 | bandwagon appeal | A claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it. | 60 | |
| 7489238143 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 61 | |
| 7489242184 | claim of fact | A claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable. | 62 | |
| 7489247094 | claim of policy | A claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems. | 63 | |
| 7489251307 | claim | An assertion or a proposition that states the argument's main idea or position. | 64 | |
| 7489257044 | faulty analogy | An illogical, misleading comparison between two things. | 65 | |
| 7489262009 | straw man fallacy | This fallacy involves changing or exaggerating an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to refute. | 66 | |
| 7489265801 | either/or fallacy | A statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected, the other must be accepted | 67 | |
| 7489274622 | second hand evidence | Evidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation. (Facts and quantitative data). | 68 | |
| 7489280047 | first hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether its from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 69 | |
| 7489283254 | appeal to false authority | This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 70 | |
| 7489288337 | logical fallacy | An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. Generally occurs in arguments that fail to make concrete, logical claims for support. | 71 | |
| 7489291512 | quantitative evidence | Evidence that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers (surveys, census information, polls, statistics, etc.) | 72 | |
| 7489294615 | open thesis | A statement of the main idea of the argument that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover. | 73 | |
| 7489297753 | counterargument thesis | A summary of the counterargument usually qualified by although or but precedes the writer's opinion. This type of thesis statement has the advantage of immediately addressing the counterargument. | 74 | |
| 7489304393 | thesis. | In an argument, an expression of the claim that the writer or speaker is trying to support. In an essay, an expression of the main idea or purpose of the piece of writing. | 75 | |
| 7489307545 | closed thesis | A statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 76 | |
| 7489310802 | claim of value | A claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion. | 77 | |
| 7489381089 | John F. Kennedy | Youngest President to be killed | 78 |
