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| 6599124209 | allusion | A reference to some famous literary work, historical figure, or event. For example, to say that a friend "has the patience of Job" means that he is as enduring as the Biblical figure of that name. Allusions must be used with care lest their audience miss their meaning. | 0 | |
| 6599145104 | argumentation | Argumentation is the writer's attempt to convince his reader to agree with him. It is based upon appeals to reason, evidence proving the argument, and sometimes emotion to persuade. Some arguments attempt to merely prove a point, but others go beyond proving to inciting the reader to action. At the heart of all argumentation lies a debatable issue. | 1 | |
| 6599145105 | coherence | The principle of clarity and logical adherence to a topic that binds together all parts of a composition. A coherent essay is one whose parts-sentences, paragraphs, pages- are logically fused into a single whole. Its opposite is an incoherent essay-one that is jumbled, illogical, and unclear. | 2 | |
| 6599170121 | description | A rhetorical mode used to develop an essay whose primary aim is to depict a scene, person, thing, or idea. Descriptive writing evokes the look, feel, sound, and sense of events, people, or things. | 3 | |
| 6599170122 | diction | Word choice, diction refers to the choice of words a writer uses in an essay or other writing. | 4 | |
| 6599184497 | exposition | Writing whose chief aim is to explain. Rather than showing, as in narration, exposition tells, A majority of essays contain some exposition because they need to convey information, give background, or tell how events occurred or processes work. | 5 | |
| 6599184498 | figurative language | Said of a word or expression used in a nonliteral way. For example the expression "to go the last mile" may have nothing at all to do with geographical distance, but may mean to complete an unfinished task or job. | 6 | |
| 6599198610 | hyperbole | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony at the same time. | 7 | |
| 6599199638 | image/imagery | An image is a phrase or expression that evokes a picture or describes a scene. An image may be either literal, in which case it is a realistic attempt to depict with words what something looks like, or figurative, in which case it is a realistic attempt to depict with words what something looks like, or figurative, in which case the expression is used that likens the thing described to something else ("My love is like a red rose") | 8 | |
| 6599219929 | irony | The use of language in such a way that apparent meaning contrasts sharply with the real meaning. It is a softer form of sarcasm and shares with it the same contrast between apparent and real meaning (verbal irony, situation irony, dramatic irony) | 9 | |
| 6599237556 | metaphor | A figurative image that implies the similarity between things otherwise dissimilar, as when the poet Robert Frost states "I have been acquainted with the night," meaning that he has survived despair. | 10 | |
| 6599534856 | mood | The pervading impression made on the feelings of the reader (gloomy, sad, joyful, bitter, frightening) | 11 | |
| 6599761032 | narration | An account of events as they happen. A narrative organizes material on the basis of chronological order or pattern, stressing the sequence of events and pacing these events according to the emphasis desired. | 12 | |
| 6616457379 | oxymoron | "Pointedly foolish," a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. examples: "jumbo shrimp" "cruel kindness" | 13 | |
| 6616471165 | pacing | The speed at which a piece of writing moves along. Pacing depends on the balance between summarizing action and representing action in detail. Syntax can also affect pacing. | 14 | |
| 6616480232 | paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. example= "All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others" | 15 | |
| 6616525136 | Parallelism | The principle of coherent writing requiring that coordinating elements be given the same grammatical form. "I was born an American; I will live an American; I will die an American." | 16 | |
| 6616538823 | parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It distorts of exaggerates distinctive features of the original. It mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. A well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but a poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. | 17 | |
| 6616561255 | personification | Attributing human qualities to objects, abstractions, or animals: "Tis beauty calls and glory leads the way." | 18 | |
| 6616571992 | point of view | The perspective from which a piece of writing is developed. | 19 | |
| 6616577985 | rhetoric | The art of using persuasive language. The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation. | 20 | |
| 6616596304 | rhetorical modes | The variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. Modes of discourse= 1. purpose of exposition- to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. 2. purpose of argumentation- to prove the validity of an idea, or pint of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convinces the reader. 3. purpose of description- to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. 4. purpose of narration- to tell a straightforward story or narrate an event or series of events | 21 | |
| 6616640253 | simile | A figure of speech which implies a similarity between things otherwise dissimilar. The simile uses the words like, as, or so to introduce the comparison. "As a jewel of gold in a swine's snout, so is a fair woman which is without discretion." | 22 | |
| 6618981136 | slanting | The characteristic of seeing facts, words, or emphasis to achieve a preconceived intent. Favorable intent: "Although the Senator looks bored, when it comes time to vote he is on the right side of the issue." Unfavorable intent: "The Senator may vote on the right side of the issues, but he always looks bored." | 23 | |
| 6618993490 | style | The way a writer writes. The expression of an author's individuality through the use of words, sentence patterns, and selection of details. Any of the choices writers make while writing-about diction, sentence length, structure, rhythm, and figures of speech- that make their work sound like them. | 24 | |
| 6619007072 | ad hominem argument | An argument that attacks the integrity or character of an opponent rather than the merits of an issuw. | 25 | |
| 6619011065 | analogy | A comparison that attempts to explain one idea or thing by likening it to another. It can be a source of confusion id the compared items are unalike. | 26 | |
| 6619022397 | anecdote | A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization or claim. | 27 | |
| 6619030722 | appeal to ethos | Appeals to ethics | 28 | |
| 6619033940 | appeal to logos | Appeals to logic | 29 | |
| 6619035198 | appeal to pathos | Appeals to emotion, an appeal to feelings rather than to strict reason; a legitimate ply in an argument as long as it is not excessively or exclusively used. | 30 | |
| 6619043773 | begging the question | The situation that results when a writer of speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept | 31 | |
| 6619061949 | casual relationship (cause and effect relationship) | The relationship expressing, "If X is the cause, then T is the effect," or "If Y is the effect, then X caused it" example= "If the state builds larger highways, then traffic congestion will just get worse because more people will move to the newly accessible regions," or "If students plagiarize their papers, it must be because the Internet offers them such a wide array of materials from which to copy." | 32 | |
| 6619079168 | colloquialism | A word or expression acceptable in informal usage but inappropriate in formal discourse. A given word may have a standard as well as a colloquial meaning. "She's at home recovering from a bug" | 33 | |
| 6619089777 | conclusion | The final paragraph or paragraphs that sum up an essay and bring it to a close. It should sum up what has been said, suggest what ought to be done, specify consequences that are likely to occur, restate the beginning, or take the reader by surprise with an unexpected ending. It is important to end the essay artfully and quietly without staging a grand show for the reader's benefit. | 34 | |
| 6619104959 | connotation | The implication of emotional overtones of a word rather than its literal meaning. example: in a literal sense "lion" denotes a beast, but to say Winston Churchill had "the heart of a lion" is to use the connotative or implied meaning of lion | 35 | |
| 6619133134 | emphasis | A rhetorical principle that requires stress to be given to important elements in an essay at the expense of less important elements. In a sentence, words may be emphasized by placing them at the beginning or end or by judiciously italicizing them. In a paragraph, ideas may be emphasized by repetition or by the accumulation of specific detail. | 36 | |
| 6619147335 | essay | A short prose discussion of a single topic. | 37 | |
| 6619149989 | euphemism | A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. Euphemisms may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. | 38 | |
| 6619162593 | example | An instance that is representative of an idea or claim or that otherwise illustrates it. | 39 |
