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| 2202363005 | argumentation | A writer's attempt to prove the validity of an idea through logic, reason, and evidence. Some arguments attempt only to prove a point, while others go beyond proving to inciting the reader to action. : A writer's attempt to prove the validity of an idea through logic, reason, and evidence. Some arguments attempt only to prove a point, while others go beyond proving to inciting the reader to action. | 0 | |
| 2202366075 | persuasion: | Argument with the addition of an emotional element. Persuasion often urges some form of action. | 1 | |
| 2202368251 | logos, or logical appeal | the appeal to reason; the use of logic, reasons, and evidence; used to prove a point | 2 | |
| 2202369843 | pathos, or emotional appeal | the appeal to emotion; playing on the emotions and interests of the audience; used to move an audience | 3 | |
| 2202371386 | ethos, or ethical appeal | the appeal to the credibility of the speaker or writer; used to gain the audience's trust | 4 | |
| 2202375844 | Usage note | Logos, pathos, and ethos are all nouns—not adjectives. In other words, one can point out the use of logos or logical appeal, but never a "logos appeal." Pay close attention to this usage, as using these terms incorrectly will make you come across as "not smart." | 5 | |
| 2202377559 | logical fallacy | an error in logical argument, sometimes used to dupe an audience | 6 | |
| 2202379336 | straw man | a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position | 7 | |
| 2202380792 | assumption | something taken for granted, presumed to be true without need for further explanation or proof | 8 | |
| 2202384274 | concession | a reluctant acknowledgement or yielding | 9 | |
| 2202384275 | qualification | A limiting modification | 10 | |
| 2202386081 | qualify | To modify or limit (as in qualify a claim or assertion) | 11 | |
| 2202386082 | refute | To prove wrong by argument or evidence; discredit (as in refute a claim or assertion) | 12 | |
| 2202388430 | deductive reasoning (deduction) | starts with a claim and then provides evidence | 13 | |
| 2202389992 | inductive reasoning (induction) | provides evidence then moves to a conclusion | 14 | |
| 2202390989 | assertion | an emphatic statement or declaration claim: an assertion, usually supported by evidence | 15 | |
| 2202392590 | anecdotal evidence | evidence based on the experiences of a few people rather than on scientific research | 16 | |
| 2202392706 | polemic | an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion | 17 | |
| 2202395314 | appeal to authority | calling on an expert to give validity to an argument | 18 | |
| 2202397729 | antithesis | the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure | 19 | |
| 2202397730 | support | To uphold or defend as valid or right; advocate (as in support a claim or assertion) | 20 | |
| 2202398532 | generalization | A statement that asserts some broad truth based on a knowledge of specific cases. | 21 | |
| 2202398698 | counterargument | an opposing argument | 22 | |
| 2202400131 | bias | prejudice toward one side of an issue | 23 | |
| 2202401759 | propaganda | a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information | 24 | |
| 2202401760 | juxtaposition | placement of two things side by side for emphasis | 25 | |
| 2202428612 | onomatopoeia | the use of words with sounds that suggest or mimic their meaning (such as buzz, hiss, murmur, rustle) | 26 | |
| 2202425982 | understatement | a statement that says less than is meant or which uses less force than is warranted | 27 | |
| 2202433984 | concrete language (or diction) | words that refer to things that can be perceived through the senses | 28 | |
| 2202425983 | irony | A contrast, contradiction, or incongruity. This could be a contrast or incongruity between what is expected to happen and what actually happens (situational irony). Verbal irony occurs when someone state one thing but means another. Less relevant to nonfiction is dramatic irony, which occurs when readers know more about a situation than the characters do. | 29 | |
| 2202427028 | hyperbole (overstatement) | deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis, humor, or to reveal truth | 30 | |
| 2202424595 | abstract language (or diction) | words that refer to ideas, conditions, or qualities that cannot be perceived through the senses | 31 |
