PPT Answers and Terms
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| 8297663044 | Abstract Diction | Language that denotes ideas, emotions, conditions, or concepts that are intangible-impenetrable, incredible, inscrutable, inconceivable, unfathomable | 0 | |
| 8297663045 | ad hominem | Latin for "against the man." Attacking the person instead of the argument proposed by that individual. An argument directed to the personality, prejudices, previous words and actions of an opponent rather than an appeal to pure reason. Example: "Rush Limbaugh is a big fat idiot," writes left-wing comedian Al Franken. | 1 | |
| 8297663048 | Alliteration | The repetition of the same consonant sound, especially at the beginning of words. For example, "Five miles meandering with a mazy motion" Kubla Khan by S.T. Coleridge | 2 | |
| 8297663049 | allusion | A reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Generally speaking, the writer assumes the educated reader will recognize the reference. Often humorous, but not always. Establishes a connection between writer and reader, or to make a subtle point. Example: "In gulfs enchanted, where the Siren sings." | 3 | |
| 8297663054 | analogy | A comparison to a directly parallel case, arguing that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case. A comparison made between two things that may initially seem to have little in common but can offer fresh insights when compared. Used for illustration and/or argument. Example: "We advance in years somewhat in the manner of an invading army in a barren land; the age that we have reached, as the phrase goes, we but hold with an outpost, and still keep open our communications with the extreme rear and first beginnings of the march." -Robert Louis Stevenson, "On Marriage." | 4 | |
| 8297663055 | anaphora | Repetition of a word, phrase or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. Deliberate form of repetition to reinforce point or to make it more coherent. Example: In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson places the subject, "He," at the beginning of twenty accusations in a row, each as a single paragraph, to put the weight of responsibility for the problems with King George III, whom Jefferson refers to in the third person. | 5 | |
| 8297663057 | Antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun | 6 | |
| 8297663061 | antithesis | A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases or clauses. Example: ". . .one seeing more where the other sees less, one seeing black where the other sees white, one seeing big where the other sees small. . . ." Example: Shakespeare's Macbeth, Act I, Scene I, Line 11: "Fair is foul and foul is fair." Oxymoron: rhetorical antithesis, juxtaposing two contradictory terms like "wise fool" or "eloquent silent." | 7 | |
| 8297663062 | anecdote | A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Used in fiction and nonfiction. Develops point or injects humor. Commonly used as an illustration for an abstract point being made. Example: Mark Twain is famous for his short anecdotes about growing up in Missouri intertwined with humor and an abstract truth about human nature. | 8 | |
| 8297663066 | Archaic | Language that is old-fashioned -not completely obsolete but no longer in current use. | 9 | |
| 8297663069 | asyndeton | Sentence where commas are used with no conjunctions to separate a series of words. Gives equal weight to each part. Speeds up the flow of the sentence. Formula: X, Y, Z. As opposed to X, Y, and Z. See polysyndeton for variation. | 10 | |
| 8297663082 | Cliché | A phrase, idea, or image that has been used so much that it has lost much of its original meaning, impact, and freshness. | 11 | |
| 8297663085 | Colloquial | Ordinary, everyday speech and language Colloquial expressions are non-standard, often regional, ways of using language appropriate to informal or conversational speech and writing. Ex. "ya'll" | 12 | |
| 8297663093 | Connotation | An implication or association attached to a word or phrase. A connotation is suggested or felt rather than being explicit. | 13 | |
| 8297663102 | Dialect | Nonstandard subgroup of a language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features; writers often use regional dialects or dialects that reveal a person's economic or social class | 14 | |
| 8297663104 | diction | Means "word choice." Refers to word choice as a reflection of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. Purpose, tone, point of view, persona, verve, color, all are affected by diction. | 15 | |
| 8297663108 | either-or reasoning | Reducing an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignoring any alternatives. | 16 | |
| 8297663112 | emotional appeal | Appealing to the emotions of the reader in order to excite and involve them in the argument. Makes use of pathos: the quality in an experience, narrative, literary work, etc., which arouses profound feelings of compassion or sorrow. Pathos is Greek for "suffering." | 17 | |
| 8297663124 | ethical appeal | When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect him or her based upon a presentation of self through the text. Reputation of the author is often a factor in ethical appeals. Regardless of the topic or over-all purpose of the essay, the ethical appeal is always done to gain the audience's confidence | 18 | |
| 8297663125 | ethos | Etymology: Greek. A person's character or disposition. The characteristic spirit or prevalent tone of a people or a community. The essential identity of an institution or system. Ideal excellence; nobler than reality. Example: "The real is preferred to the ideal, transient emotions to permanent lineaments, pathos to ethos." | 19 | |
| 8297663126 | euphemism | Originally in Greek meant "to speak well." Has come to mean: to speak well in the place of the blunt, disagreeable, terrifying or offensive term. Example: death becomes "to pass away." Example: "Damn it" becomes "Darn it!" Example: Victorians first used "limb" for leg or "privates" for sexual organs. | 20 | |
| 8297663148 | High/Formal Diction | Contains language that creates an elevated tone; free of slang, idioms, colloquialisms, and contractions; contains polysyllabic words, sophisticated syntax, and elegant word choice | 21 | |
| 8297663150 | hyperbole | Originally in Greek meant "overshooting." A bold overstatement or extravagant expression of fact, used for serious or comic effect. Easily recognized as exaggeration for effect. Example: There must have been ten million people at our Wal-Mart on the day after Thanksgiving. Or, Shakespeare's, Othello, Act III, Scene III, Lines 330-33 reads: Not poppy nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep Which thou ow 'dst yesterday. | 22 | |
| 8297663153 | imagery | Use of images, especially in a pattern of related images, often figurative, to create a strong, unified sensory impression. Use of sensory details to create images that support the theme of the essay. | 23 | |
| 8297663155 | Infer (inference) | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented | 24 | |
| 8297663156 | Informal/low diction | The language of everyday use; relaxed and conversational; common and simple words, idioms, slang, jargon | 25 | |
| 8297663160 | irony | Originated in Greek comedy with the character eiron, who was a "dissembler." Appeared less intelligent than he was, spoke in understatement, and triumphed over the alazon—the self-deceiving and stupid braggart. Greek dramatist Sophocles developed the "tragic" or "dramatic" irony in his 100-plus tragedies, including Antigone and Oedipus Rex. Four kinds of irony: verbal, structural, dramatic, and situational. | 26 | |
| 8297663161 | Invective | An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | 27 | |
| 8297663163 | irony (verbal) | Verbal irony: demands the most audience sophistication. This requires "reading between the lines." Also, this irony takes the greatest risks with the audience who might misinterpret what is irony and what is literal. Might be simple reversal of literal meanings of words spoken or more complex, subtle, indirect and unobtrusive messages that require the collection of hints from within the text. Compliments the intelligence of the reader, who, by perceiving the irony, is in partnership with the author and the minority of characters who understand, too. Example: "It is truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" (Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice). The subtle irony is that a single woman is in want of a rich husband as manifested by the evidence in the novel that follows this opening line. Sarcasm: a type of verbal irony that is crude and blatant praise or dispraise. Example: "Oh, you're God's great gift to women, you are!" | 28 | |
| 8297663166 | irony (situational) | When the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and it actual results. The work has a surprise ending, that, although a "surprise," still fits the purpose, point of view, evidence and tone of the text. Example: In Thomas Hardy's "The Three Strangers," it is a surprise to the characters and the audience when the two strangers at the chimney corner turn out to be the hangman and his intended victim. | 29 | |
| 8297663167 | Jargon | A characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves); "they don't speak our lingo" | 30 | |
| 8297663168 | Juxtaposition | A poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit. Ex. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd:/ Petals on a wet, black bough." ("In a Station of the Metro" by Ezra Pound). | 31 | |
| 8297663172 | Loose or Cumulative Sentence | Makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending. Ex. "We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of stories to tell our friends and neighbors." The sentence could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence. | 32 | |
| 8297663196 | oxymoron | Noun. From Greek: oxi means "sharp, keen, acute, pungent, acid"; moron means "dull, stupid, foolish." A figure of speech in which two contradictory words are placed side-by-side for effect. Words are obviously opposed or markedly contradictory terms. Casually reference: contradiction of terms. Examples: "civil war," "alone together," "deafening silence," or "jumbo shrimp." | 33 | |
| 8297663198 | paradox | A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue. Rhymes with "in your socks" Examples: Books are a poor man's wealth. Or, as Emily Dickinson writes, "Much madness is Divinest Sense." In John Donne's sonnet, "Death, Be Not Proud," he declares: One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die. | 34 | |
| 8297663199 | Parallelism/parallel structure | Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal grammatical constructions. Might be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a row to describe the same noun or verb. Might be two or more of the same type of phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive). Might be two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Might be a complex blend of single-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same sentence. Simple Example: He lived well, and he died well. | 35 | |
| 8297663200 | parody | Imitates the serious materials and manner of a particular work, or the characteristic style of a particular author, and applies it to a lowly or grossly discordant subject. An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes. Sometimes called "burlesque" and "travesty." An English essayist of the early twentieth century, Max Beerbohm is known for his parody. James Thurber of The New Yorker magazine was an American writer also known for parody. The cartoon series The Simpsons often does a parody of a famous poem or novel. | 36 | |
| 8297663202 | pathos | Noun. Etymology: Greek. A quality in an experience, narrative, literary work, etc., which arouses profound feelings of compassion or sorrow. Pathetic expression or emotion; transient or emotional. Example: For many audience members, the first time viewing Braveheart in a darkened theatre produced a profound pathos while watching William Wallace scream out "Freedom!" in his last dying moments after suffering a barbaric torture at the hands of the civilized English. | 37 | |
| 8297663203 | Pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish | 38 | |
| 8297663205 | Periodic sentence | Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements. | 39 | |
| 8297663207 | Personification | The attribution of human feelings, emotions, or sensations to an inanimate object Personification is a kind of metaphor where human qualities are given to things or abstract ideas, and they are described as if they were a person | 40 | |
| 8297663209 | Point of View | The perspective from which a narrative is told. 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The perspective from which a story is told (first person, third person omniscient, or third person limited omniscient) | 41 | |
| 8297663211 | post hoc, egro propter hoc | Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." When a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. | 42 | |
| 8297663216 | pun | A play on words that are either identical in sound (homonyms) or similar in sound, but are sharply diverse in meaning. Example: "Thou art Peter (Petros) and upon this rock (petra) I will build my church." Early puns had roots in serious literature, that like Shakespeare, can also have a comical effect in a very serious situation. Example: In Romeo and Juliet, while bleeding to death, Mercutio says "Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man." By the eighteenth century and after, the literary use of puns has been almost exclusively comic. Equivoque: the use of a single word or phrase which has two disparate meanings, in a context which makes both meanings equally relevant. Example: An epitaph suggested for a bank teller, which states, "He checked his cash, cashed in his checks. And left his window. Who is next?" | 43 | |
| 8297663219 | red herring | When a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue. | 44 | |
| 8297663221 | refutation | The art of mustering relevant opposing arguments. The author "refutes" through evidence logical opposition. | 45 | |
| 8297663222 | Repetition | A device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis. Ex. "...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth." ("Address at Gettysburg" by Abraham Lincoln) | 46 | |
| 8297663223 | rhetoric | The art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse. Focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create fitting and appropriate discourse. Might also be used as an adjective to describe the elements of effective communication (rhetorical situation, rhetorical question, rhetorical example, etc.). | 47 | |
| 8297663226 | Rhetorical Question | A question that requires no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement. Ex. "If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin's arguments?" | 48 | |
| 8297663230 | Sarcasm | From the Greek for "to tear flesh," involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something | 49 | |
| 8297663231 | satire | Text that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. Satire is meant to improve society through humor, not to tear it down through vicious ridicule. Doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). Targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals. As opposed to sarcasm, which is meant to abuse and ridicule an individual. Very creative and takes audience knowledge and perception to appreciate. | 50 | |
| 8297663233 | Semantics | The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development (etymology), their connotations, and their relation to one another. | 51 | |
| 8297663241 | Slang | Recently coined words often used in informal situations; often come and go quickly, passing in and out of usage within months and years | 52 | |
| 8297663246 | straw man | Argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Diverts attention away from the real issues. | 53 | |
| 8297663259 | Syntax | The way in which sentences are structured Sentences can be structured in different ways to achieve different effects | 54 | |
| 8297663261 | Telegraphic sentence | A sentence shorter than 5 words | 55 | |
| 8297663264 | Thesis | In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly express the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proportion | 56 | |
| 8297663265 | tone | Author's attitude toward subject matter as revealed through style, syntax, diction, figurative language, and organization. Author's tone creates mood in the text by use of the above tools. | 57 | |
| 8297663270 | Understatement | The ironic minimalizing of fact, presents something as less significant than it is | 58 | |
| 8297663272 | Zeugma | A device that joins together two apparently incongruous things by applying a verb or adjective to both which only really applies to one of them "Kill the boys and the luggage" (Shakespeare's Henry V )s | 59 |
