PPT Answers and Terms
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| 4569626958 | ad hominem | Latin for "against the man." Attacking the person instead of the argument proposed by that individual. An argument directed to the personality, prejudices, previous words and actions of an opponent rather than an appeal to pure reason. Example: "Rush Limbaugh is a big fat idiot," writes left-wing comedian Al Franken. | 0 | |
| 4569626960 | allegory | A fiction or nonfiction narrative, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities, moral values, or concepts. Playing out of the narrative is designed to reveal an abstraction or truth. Characters and other elements may be symbolic of the ideas referred to in the allegory. Example: The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan or A Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. | 1 | |
| 4569626961 | Alliteration | The repetition of the same consonant sound, especially at the beginning of words. For example, "Five miles meandering with a mazy motion" Kubla Khan by S.T. Coleridge | 2 | |
| 4569626962 | allusion | A reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Generally speaking, the writer assumes the educated reader will recognize the reference. Often humorous, but not always. Establishes a connection between writer and reader, or to make a subtle point. Example: "In gulfs enchanted, where the Siren sings." | 3 | |
| 4569626963 | Ambiguity | Use of language where the meaning is unclear or has two or more possible interpretations or meanings. It could be created through a weakness in the way the writer has expressed himself or herself, but often it is used by writers quite deliberately to create layers of meaning in the mind of the reader. | 4 | |
| 4569626965 | Anachronism | Something that is historically inaccurate, for example the reference to a clock chiming in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. | 5 | |
| 4569626967 | analogy | A comparison to a directly parallel case, arguing that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case. A comparison made between two things that may initially seem to have little in common but can offer fresh insights when compared. Used for illustration and/or argument. Example: "We advance in years somewhat in the manner of an invading army in a barren land; the age that we have reached, as the phrase goes, we but hold with an outpost, and still keep open our communications with the extreme rear and first beginnings of the march." -Robert Louis Stevenson, "On Marriage." | 6 | |
| 4569626968 | anaphora | Repetition of a word, phrase or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. Deliberate form of repetition to reinforce point or to make it more coherent. Example: In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson places the subject, "He," at the beginning of twenty accusations in a row, each as a single paragraph, to put the weight of responsibility for the problems with King George III, whom Jefferson refers to in the third person. | 7 | |
| 4569626970 | Antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun | 8 | |
| 4569626973 | Antimetabole | A sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal o the first; it adds power to the sentence. | 9 | |
| 4569626974 | antithesis | A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases or clauses. Example: ". . .one seeing more where the other sees less, one seeing black where the other sees white, one seeing big where the other sees small. . . ." Example: Shakespeare's Macbeth, Act I, Scene I, Line 11: "Fair is foul and foul is fair." Oxymoron: rhetorical antithesis, juxtaposing two contradictory terms like "wise fool" or "eloquent silent." | 10 | |
| 4569626975 | anecdote | A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Used in fiction and nonfiction. Develops point or injects humor. Commonly used as an illustration for an abstract point being made. Example: Mark Twain is famous for his short anecdotes about growing up in Missouri intertwined with humor and an abstract truth about human nature. | 11 | |
| 4569626976 | Aphorism | A terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle | 12 | |
| 4569626977 | Apostrophe | An interruption in a poem or narrative so that the speaker or writer can address a dead or absent person or particular audience or notion directly. "Oh Time thou must untangle this not I" Viola in Twelfth Night | 13 | |
| 4569626978 | appositive | Nonessential word groups (phrases and clauses) that follow nouns and identify or explain them. Example: My aunt, who lives in Montana, is taking surfing lessons in Hawaii. The sentence above is a "nonrestrictive clause," because it is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence and it can easily be put in another sentence and still make sense. Thus, it is set off by commas. A restrictive clause also follows a noun but is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. It is not an appositive. Thus, no commas. "That" always signals restrictive. Example: People who can speak more than one language are multilingual. Example: Please repair all the windows that are broken. | 14 | |
| 4569626979 | Archaic | Language that is old-fashioned -not completely obsolete but no longer in current use. | 15 | |
| 4569626981 | assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words, usually with different consonant sounds either before or after the same vowel sounds. Example: "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary," Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven." Example: "Thou foster child of silence and slow time," John Keat's "Ode on a Grecian Urn." | 16 | |
| 4569626982 | asyndeton | Sentence where commas are used with no conjunctions to separate a series of words. Gives equal weight to each part. Speeds up the flow of the sentence. Formula: X, Y, Z. As opposed to X, Y, and Z. See polysyndeton for variation. | 17 | |
| 4569626990 | Cacaphony | Harsh clashing, or dissonant sounds, often produced by combinations of words that require a clipped, explosive delivery or words that contain a number of plosive consonants. Opposite of Euphony | 18 | |
| 4569626992 | Caricature | A character described through the exaggeration of a small number of features that he or she possesses. | 19 | |
| 4569626994 | Chiasmus/Antimetabole | Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. Usually short and summarizes the main idea. Example: From Yeats' "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death," the poet writes: "The years to come seemed waste of breath, A waste of breath the years behind." | 20 | |
| 4569626995 | Cliché | A phrase, idea, or image that has been used so much that it has lost much of its original meaning, impact, and freshness. | 21 | |
| 4569626996 | Clause | A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb | 22 | |
| 4569626998 | Colloquial | Ordinary, everyday speech and language Colloquial expressions are non-standard, often regional, ways of using language appropriate to informal or conversational speech and writing. Ex. "ya'll" | 23 | |
| 4569627000 | common place | Shared beliefs or assumptions between the reader and the audience. Used to argue that if something is widely believed, readers should accept it. A self-evident, obvious truth, especially one too obvious to mention is a truism. | 24 | |
| 4569627004 | Conceit | An elaborate, extended, and sometimes surprising comparison between things that, at first sight, do not have much in common. | 25 | |
| 4569627006 | Connotation | An implication or association attached to a word or phrase. A connotation is suggested or felt rather than being explicit. | 26 | |
| 4569627007 | Contrast | A traditional rhetorical strategy based on the assumption that a subject may be shown more clearly by pointing out ways in which it is unlike another subject | 27 | |
| 4569627008 | consonance | Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. Sometimes refers to repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. Example: "And all the air a solemn stillness holds." from Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard." Sometimes refers to slant rhyme or partial rhyme: Initial and final consonants are the same but the vowels are different. Example: litter and letter, or green and groan. | 28 | |
| 4569627011 | Declarative Sentence | Makes a statement | 29 | |
| 4569627013 | Denotation | Exact, literal definition of a word independent of any emotional association or secondary meaning | 30 | |
| 4569627015 | Dialect | Nonstandard subgroup of a language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features; writers often use regional dialects or dialects that reveal a person's economic or social class | 31 | |
| 4569627017 | diction | Means "word choice." Refers to word choice as a reflection of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. Purpose, tone, point of view, persona, verve, color, all are affected by diction. | 32 | |
| 4569627021 | either-or reasoning | Reducing an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignoring any alternatives. | 33 | |
| 4569627022 | Elegy | A meditative poem, usually sad and reflective in nature. Sometimes, though not always, it is concerned with the theme of death. | 34 | |
| 4569627023 | Ellipsis | The deliberate omission of a word or words that are readily implied by the context; it creates and elegant or daring economy of words. | 35 | |
| 4569627024 | Empathy | A feeling on the part of the reader of sharing the particular experience being described by the character or writer. | 36 | |
| 4569627025 | emotional appeal | Appealing to the emotions of the reader in order to excite and involve them in the argument. Makes use of pathos: the quality in an experience, narrative, literary work, etc., which arouses profound feelings of compassion or sorrow. Pathos is Greek for "suffering." | 37 | |
| 4569627027 | Enjambment | A line of verse that flows on into the next line without a pause. | 38 | |
| 4569627031 | epigraph | A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme of the fiction or nonfiction text. An aphorism is a short clever saying parting truth. Example: "waste not, want not." | 39 | |
| 4569627032 | epigram | Originally in Greek meant "an inscription." Extended to encompass a very short poem whether amorous (sexual love), elegiac (longing for the past), meditative (contemplative), anecdotal (description, story, episode), or satiric (witty, sarcasm). Poem is polished, condensed, and pointed, often with a witty end. In his epigram "On a Volunteer Singer" Coleridge explains: Swans sing before they die—'twere no bad thing Should certain people die before they sing! | 40 | |
| 4569627033 | epiphany | Literally means "a manifestation." Traditionally, Christianity used the word to signify a manifestation of God's presence in the world. Irishman James Joyce, in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, first adapted the word to a secular meaning: a sudden radiance and revelation while observing a commonplace object. Joyce replaced what earlier writers had called "the moment," an instance or moment of revelation. | 41 | |
| 4569627035 | Epithet | An adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing to emphasize a characteristic quality or attribute, such as "lily-livered coward" | 42 | |
| 4569627037 | ethical appeal | When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect him or her based upon a presentation of self through the text. Reputation of the author is often a factor in ethical appeals. Regardless of the topic or over-all purpose of the essay, the ethical appeal is always done to gain the audience's confidence | 43 | |
| 4569627038 | ethos | Etymology: Greek. A person's character or disposition. The characteristic spirit or prevalent tone of a people or a community. The essential identity of an institution or system. Ideal excellence; nobler than reality. Example: "The real is preferred to the ideal, transient emotions to permanent lineaments, pathos to ethos." | 44 | |
| 4569627039 | euphemism | Originally in Greek meant "to speak well." Has come to mean: to speak well in the place of the blunt, disagreeable, terrifying or offensive term. Example: death becomes "to pass away." Example: "Damn it" becomes "Darn it!" Example: Victorians first used "limb" for leg or "privates" for sexual organs. | 45 | |
| 4569627040 | Euphony | Use of pleasant or melodious sounds. | 46 | |
| 4569627041 | Exclamatory Sentence | Provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion often indicated by punctuation | 47 | |
| 4569627043 | exposition | Background information provided by author to enhance the audience's understanding of the context of a fiction or nonfiction story. Example: Robert Louis Stevenson gives the reader plenty of cultural background on the small seaside village of his youth in hopes the audience will better appreciate the context of "The Lantern-Bearers." | 48 | |
| 4569627044 | Extendend Metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 49 | |
| 4569627047 | Farce | A play that aims to entertain the audience through absurd and ridiculous characters and actions. | 50 | |
| 4569627063 | hyperbole | Originally in Greek meant "overshooting." A bold overstatement or extravagant expression of fact, used for serious or comic effect. Easily recognized as exaggeration for effect. Example: There must have been ten million people at our Wal-Mart on the day after Thanksgiving. Or, Shakespeare's, Othello, Act III, Scene III, Lines 330-33 reads: Not poppy nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep Which thou ow 'dst yesterday. | 51 | |
| 4569627067 | Imperative Sentence | Gives a Command | 52 | |
| 4569627068 | Infer (inference) | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented | 53 | |
| 4569627071 | Interrogative Sentence | Asks a question | 54 | |
| 4569627073 | irony | Originated in Greek comedy with the character eiron, who was a "dissembler." Appeared less intelligent than he was, spoke in understatement, and triumphed over the alazon—the self-deceiving and stupid braggart. Greek dramatist Sophocles developed the "tragic" or "dramatic" irony in his 100-plus tragedies, including Antigone and Oedipus Rex. Four kinds of irony: verbal, structural, dramatic, and situational. | 55 | |
| 4569627075 | Inversion/ Inverted order of a sentence | Variation of the normal word order (subject, verb, complement) which puts the verb or complement at the head of the sentence. The sentence element appearing first is emphasized more than the subject that is buried in the sentence. | 56 | |
| 4569627076 | irony (verbal) | Verbal irony: demands the most audience sophistication. This requires "reading between the lines." Also, this irony takes the greatest risks with the audience who might misinterpret what is irony and what is literal. Might be simple reversal of literal meanings of words spoken or more complex, subtle, indirect and unobtrusive messages that require the collection of hints from within the text. Compliments the intelligence of the reader, who, by perceiving the irony, is in partnership with the author and the minority of characters who understand, too. Example: "It is truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" (Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice). The subtle irony is that a single woman is in want of a rich husband as manifested by the evidence in the novel that follows this opening line. Sarcasm: a type of verbal irony that is crude and blatant praise or dispraise. Example: "Oh, you're God's great gift to women, you are!" | 57 | |
| 4569627077 | irony (structural) | Structural irony: some works show sustained irony throughout the text. Instead of using occasional verbal irony, the author introduces a structural feature which serves to sustain duplicity of meaning. Common device: naïve hero or naïve narrator. Example: Jonathan Swift's well-meaning but insanely rational economist who is the naïve narrator in "A Modest Proposal." The reader perceives the irony of one who, though well meaning, proposes the conversion of the excess children of the oppressed and poverty-stricken Irish into financial and gastronomical assets | 58 | |
| 4569627078 | irony (dramatic) | Involves a situation in a play or narrative in which the audience shares with the author knowledge of which the character is ignorant. The character expects the opposite of what is destined, or says something that anticipates the outcome, but not in a way that is meant when said. Example: In Macbeth, by Act I, Scene I, the audience knows that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have already planned out Duncan's murder—yet King Duncan never suspects that he is walking into a trap. | 59 | |
| 4569627079 | irony (situational) | When the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and it actual results. The work has a surprise ending, that, although a "surprise," still fits the purpose, point of view, evidence and tone of the text. Example: In Thomas Hardy's "The Three Strangers," it is a surprise to the characters and the audience when the two strangers at the chimney corner turn out to be the hangman and his intended victim. | 60 | |
| 4569627080 | Jargon | A characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves); "they don't speak our lingo" | 61 | |
| 4569627081 | Juxtaposition | A poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit. Ex. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd:/ Petals on a wet, black bough." ("In a Station of the Metro" by Ezra Pound). | 62 | |
| 4569627083 | litotes | Noun. From Greek lítōtēs for "plain" or "simple." Assertion of an affirmative by negating its contrary. Example: "He's not the brightest man in the world," meaning "he is stupid." It is a simple form of understatement, often in Anglo-Saxon poetry, like Beowulf, it is a statement of grim irony. Example, in describing the dwelling place of the monster Grendel, Hrothgar states, "That is not a pleasant place." General example: "He is two bricks shy of a full load," meaning his reasoning powers are not all there. | 63 | |
| 4569627085 | Loose or Cumulative Sentence | Makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending. Ex. "We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of stories to tell our friends and neighbors." The sentence could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence. | 64 | |
| 4569627089 | metaphor | A figure of speech that compares two things which are basically dissimilar. (Example: The ship plowed the sea.) Unlike a simile, metaphors do not have a connective word (like, as, or than). Many metaphors are implied or suggested. (Example: Anne Bradstreet in "Upon the Burning of Our House" calls heaven "the beautiful house" built by "the mightiest architect.") An "extended" or "controlling" metaphor is used throughout the essay. A dead metaphor is one that is overly used and is no longer considered figurative, but rather literal. (Example: the leg of a chair.) A mixed metaphor is the use of two or more inconsistent metaphors in one expression. Mixed metaphors make no sense upon examination and are often used as humorous. (Example: To hold the fort, he'd have to shake a leg.) | 65 | |
| 4569627090 | metonymy | Noun. From Greek metōnymía for "change of name." A figure of speech where the term for one thing is applied for another with which it has become closely associated in experience, or where a part represents the whole. Example: "the crown" is figuratively the king. Example: the word "petticoat" represents femininity; whereas the word "pants" represents being in control. Reminder: This is not a synecdoche; the tools are different. For one, a metonymy is used so much that it has become a figure of speech. | 66 | |
| 4569627093 | monologue | From Greek monologos meaning "to speak alone." A long speech by one person; a dramatic speech by one actor. Also known as a "soliloquy" if the character speaks inner thoughts to the audience and no other character hears. An "aside" is a short soliloquy. | 67 | |
| 4569627095 | mood | The atmosphere in the text created by the author's tone towards the subject. Sometimes called "atmosphere" or "ambience." Tools used: -Style (how sentences are combined) -syntax (strength, length and complexity of each sentence) -diction (individual word choice) | 68 | |
| 4569627096 | Motif | A dominant theme, subject or idea which runs through a piece of literature Often a "motif" can assume a symbolic importance | 69 | |
| 4569627097 | Narrative | A piece of writing that tells a story | 70 | |
| 4569627108 | Onomatopoeia | The use of words whose sound copies the sound of the thing or process that they describe On a simple level, words like "bang", "hiss", and "splash" are onomatopoeic, but it also has more subtle uses | 71 | |
| 4569627109 | oxymoron | Noun. From Greek: oxi means "sharp, keen, acute, pungent, acid"; moron means "dull, stupid, foolish." A figure of speech in which two contradictory words are placed side-by-side for effect. Words are obviously opposed or markedly contradictory terms. Casually reference: contradiction of terms. Examples: "civil war," "alone together," "deafening silence," or "jumbo shrimp." | 72 | |
| 4569627111 | paradox | A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue. Rhymes with "in your socks" Examples: Books are a poor man's wealth. Or, as Emily Dickinson writes, "Much madness is Divinest Sense." In John Donne's sonnet, "Death, Be Not Proud," he declares: One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die. | 73 | |
| 4569627112 | Parallelism/parallel structure | Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal grammatical constructions. Might be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a row to describe the same noun or verb. Might be two or more of the same type of phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive). Might be two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Might be a complex blend of single-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same sentence. Simple Example: He lived well, and he died well. | 74 | |
| 4569627113 | parody | Imitates the serious materials and manner of a particular work, or the characteristic style of a particular author, and applies it to a lowly or grossly discordant subject. An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes. Sometimes called "burlesque" and "travesty." An English essayist of the early twentieth century, Max Beerbohm is known for his parody. James Thurber of The New Yorker magazine was an American writer also known for parody. The cartoon series The Simpsons often does a parody of a famous poem or novel. | 75 | |
| 4569627115 | pathos | Noun. Etymology: Greek. A quality in an experience, narrative, literary work, etc., which arouses profound feelings of compassion or sorrow. Pathetic expression or emotion; transient or emotional. Example: For many audience members, the first time viewing Braveheart in a darkened theatre produced a profound pathos while watching William Wallace scream out "Freedom!" in his last dying moments after suffering a barbaric torture at the hands of the civilized English. | 76 | |
| 4569627118 | Periodic sentence | Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements. | 77 | |
| 4569627120 | Personification | The attribution of human feelings, emotions, or sensations to an inanimate object Personification is a kind of metaphor where human qualities are given to things or abstract ideas, and they are described as if they were a person | 78 | |
| 4569627122 | Point of View | The perspective from which a narrative is told. 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The perspective from which a story is told (first person, third person omniscient, or third person limited omniscient) | 79 | |
| 4569627123 | polysyndeton | Sentence that uses and or other conjunctions multiple times with no commas to separate items in a series. Stresses equally each member of the series. Slows the flow of the sentence for effect, making items more emphatic than in the asyndeton. Formula: X and Y and Z. See asyndeton for variation. | 80 | |
| 4569627129 | pun | A play on words that are either identical in sound (homonyms) or similar in sound, but are sharply diverse in meaning. Example: "Thou art Peter (Petros) and upon this rock (petra) I will build my church." Early puns had roots in serious literature, that like Shakespeare, can also have a comical effect in a very serious situation. Example: In Romeo and Juliet, while bleeding to death, Mercutio says "Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man." By the eighteenth century and after, the literary use of puns has been almost exclusively comic. Equivoque: the use of a single word or phrase which has two disparate meanings, in a context which makes both meanings equally relevant. Example: An epitaph suggested for a bank teller, which states, "He checked his cash, cashed in his checks. And left his window. Who is next?" | 81 | |
| 4569627134 | refutation | The art of mustering relevant opposing arguments. The author "refutes" through evidence logical opposition. | 82 | |
| 4569627135 | Repetition | A device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis. Ex. "...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth." ("Address at Gettysburg" by Abraham Lincoln) | 83 | |
| 4569627136 | rhetoric | The art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse. Focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create fitting and appropriate discourse. Might also be used as an adjective to describe the elements of effective communication (rhetorical situation, rhetorical question, rhetorical example, etc.). | 84 | |
| 4569627139 | Rhetorical Question | A question that requires no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement. Ex. "If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin's arguments?" | 85 | |
| 4569627143 | Sarcasm | From the Greek for "to tear flesh," involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something | 86 | |
| 4569627144 | satire | Text that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. Satire is meant to improve society through humor, not to tear it down through vicious ridicule. Doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). Targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals. As opposed to sarcasm, which is meant to abuse and ridicule an individual. Very creative and takes audience knowledge and perception to appreciate. | 87 | |
| 4569627152 | simile | A figure of speech, comparing two essentially unlike things through the use of a specific word of comparison (like, as, or than, for example). Example: "This is the Arsenal. From the floor to ceiling, like a huge organ, rise the burnished arms." | 88 | |
| 4569627154 | Slang | Recently coined words often used in informal situations; often come and go quickly, passing in and out of usage within months and years | 89 | |
| 4569627160 | Stream of Consciousness | A technique in which the writer records thoughts and emotions in a "stream" as they come to mind, without giving order or structure | 90 | |
| 4569627167 | syllogism | Noun. From the Greek word syllogismos, meaning "inference or conclusion." A form of argument or reasoning, consisting of two premises and a conclusion. | 91 | |
| 4569627168 | symbol | An object, place, setting, prop, event or person that represents or stands for some idea or event. Never hidden, but interwoven throughout the text. It may also retain its own literal meaning while taking on the symbolic qualities. | 92 | |
| 4569627169 | synecdoche | Greek, for "taking together." A part of something is used to signify the whole. Or, more rarely, a whole to signify a part. Examples: Milton in "Lycidas" calls the corrupt clergy of the Church of England "blind mouths," meaning their misguided sermons represent their total corruption. Example: "Give me your hand," does not mean literally just your hand, but your entire physical help. Reminder: do not mix this term with metonymy. They are different tools. | 93 | |
| 4569627172 | Syntax | The way in which sentences are structured Sentences can be structured in different ways to achieve different effects | 94 | |
| 4569627176 | theme | Central idea of a work of fiction or nonfiction. Revealed and developed in the course of a story or explored through argument. An abstract claim, or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which the text is designed to incorporate and makes persuasive to the reader. Often discussed as a main idea when confined to the parameters of the text. Often discussed as a theme when presented in abstract terms that go beyond the boundaries of the text. Example: The main idea of Great Expectations is that Pip has to learn to judge others by evidence and not by appearance, through which Dickens presents the theme that humans create most of their own problems by being prejudice, pompous and placing importance on social status rather than on personal character. | 95 | |
| 4569627177 | Thesis | In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly express the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proportion | 96 | |
| 4569627178 | tone | Author's attitude toward subject matter as revealed through style, syntax, diction, figurative language, and organization. Author's tone creates mood in the text by use of the above tools. | 97 | |
| 4569627184 | Wit | Intellectual and verbal deftness. Emphaisis on imagination. Intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. | 98 | |
| 4569627185 | Zeugma | A device that joins together two apparently incongruous things by applying a verb or adjective to both which only really applies to one of them "Kill the boys and the luggage" (Shakespeare's Henry V )s | 99 |
