PPT Answers and Terms
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| 3330875840 | Alliteration | The repetition of the same consonant sound, especially at the beginning of words. For example, "Five miles meandering with a mazy motion" Kubla Khan by S.T. Coleridge | 0 | |
| 3330875841 | allusion | A reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Generally speaking, the writer assumes the educated reader will recognize the reference. Often humorous, but not always. Establishes a connection between writer and reader, or to make a subtle point. Example: "In gulfs enchanted, where the Siren sings." | 1 | |
| 3330875842 | anaphora | Repetition of a word, phrase or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. Deliberate form of repetition to reinforce point or to make it more coherent. Example: In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson places the subject, "He," at the beginning of twenty accusations in a row, each as a single paragraph, to put the weight of responsibility for the problems with King George III, whom Jefferson refers to in the third person. | 2 | |
| 3330875843 | Anastrophe (Inversion) | Inversion of the normal syntactical structure of a sentence. Ex. "Ready are you?" | 3 | |
| 3330875844 | Appeals | Logos, Ethos, Pathos | 4 | |
| 3330875845 | antithesis | A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases or clauses. Example: ". . .one seeing more where the other sees less, one seeing black where the other sees white, one seeing big where the other sees small. . . ." Example: Shakespeare's Macbeth, Act I, Scene I, Line 11: "Fair is foul and foul is fair." Oxymoron: rhetorical antithesis, juxtaposing two contradictory terms like "wise fool" or "eloquent silent." | 5 | |
| 3330875846 | Aphorism | A terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle | 6 | |
| 3330875847 | Attitude | The tone or feeling towards a subject or piece | 7 | |
| 3330875848 | assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words, usually with different consonant sounds either before or after the same vowel sounds. Example: "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary," Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven." Example: "Thou foster child of silence and slow time," John Keat's "Ode on a Grecian Urn." | 8 | |
| 3330875849 | asyndeton | Sentence where commas are used with no conjunctions to separate a series of words. Gives equal weight to each part. Speeds up the flow of the sentence. Formula: X, Y, Z. As opposed to X, Y, and Z. See polysyndeton for variation. | 9 | |
| 3330875850 | Colloquial | Ordinary, everyday speech and language Colloquial expressions are non-standard, often regional, ways of using language appropriate to informal or conversational speech and writing. Ex. "ya'll" | 10 | |
| 3330875851 | Conceit | An elaborate, extended, and sometimes surprising comparison between things that, at first sight, do not have much in common. | 11 | |
| 3330875852 | Connotation | An implication or association attached to a word or phrase. A connotation is suggested or felt rather than being explicit. | 12 | |
| 3330875853 | Claim | State or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof | 13 | |
| 3330875854 | Chiasmus | a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form; e.g. 'Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.' | 14 | |
| 3330875855 | consonance | Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. Sometimes refers to repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. Example: "And all the air a solemn stillness holds." from Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard." Sometimes refers to slant rhyme or partial rhyme: Initial and final consonants are the same but the vowels are different. Example: litter and letter, or green and groan. | 15 | |
| 3330875856 | Comparison/contrast | Taking two or more things and showing their similarities or differences | 16 | |
| 3330875857 | Dialect | Nonstandard subgroup of a language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features; writers often use regional dialects or dialects that reveal a person's economic or social class | 17 | |
| 3330875858 | diction | Means "word choice." Refers to word choice as a reflection of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. Purpose, tone, point of view, persona, verve, color, all are affected by diction. | 18 | |
| 3330875859 | didactic | Fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking. Designed to expound a branch of theoretical, moral, or practical knowledge, or else to instantiate, in an impressive and persuasive imaginative or fictional form, a moral, religious, or philosophical theme or doctrine. Example: "On the Nature of Things" by Lucretius; "Essay on Man" by Pope; "Faerie Queene" by Spencer; "The Pilgrim's Progress" by Bunyan. | 19 | |
| 3330875860 | Elegy | A meditative poem, usually sad and reflective in nature. Sometimes, though not always, it is concerned with the theme of death. | 20 | |
| 3330875861 | Epistrophe | The repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the words in the final position. | 21 | |
| 3330875862 | ethos | Etymology: Greek. A person's character or disposition. The characteristic spirit or prevalent tone of a people or a community. The essential identity of an institution or system. Ideal excellence; nobler than reality. Example: "The real is preferred to the ideal, transient emotions to permanent lineaments, pathos to ethos." | 22 | |
| 3330875863 | euphemism | Originally in Greek meant "to speak well." Has come to mean: to speak well in the place of the blunt, disagreeable, terrifying or offensive term. Example: death becomes "to pass away." Example: "Damn it" becomes "Darn it!" Example: Victorians first used "limb" for leg or "privates" for sexual organs. | 23 | |
| 3330875864 | Extendend Metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 24 | |
| 3330875865 | Figurative Language | Language that is symbolic or metaphorical and not meant to be taken literally. | 25 | |
| 3330875866 | Flashback | A switch from present to past tense to show a prior scene/occurrence | 26 | |
| 3330875867 | Genre | A particular type of writing e.g. prose, poetry, drama | 27 | |
| 3330875868 | Homily | Literally "sermon." A usually short sermon. A lecture or discourse on a moral theme | 28 | |
| 3330875869 | hyperbole | Originally in Greek meant "overshooting." A bold overstatement or extravagant expression of fact, used for serious or comic effect. Easily recognized as exaggeration for effect. Example: There must have been ten million people at our Wal-Mart on the day after Thanksgiving. Or, Shakespeare's, Othello, Act III, Scene III, Lines 330-33 reads: Not poppy nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep Which thou ow 'dst yesterday. | 29 | |
| 3330875870 | imagery | Use of images, especially in a pattern of related images, often figurative, to create a strong, unified sensory impression. Use of sensory details to create images that support the theme of the essay. | 30 | |
| 3330875871 | Infer (inference) | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented | 31 | |
| 3330875872 | irony | Originated in Greek comedy with the character eiron, who was a "dissembler." Appeared less intelligent than he was, spoke in understatement, and triumphed over the alazon—the self-deceiving and stupid braggart. Greek dramatist Sophocles developed the "tragic" or "dramatic" irony in his 100-plus tragedies, including Antigone and Oedipus Rex. Four kinds of irony: verbal, structural, dramatic, and situational. | 32 | |
| 3330875873 | irony (verbal) | Verbal irony: demands the most audience sophistication. This requires "reading between the lines." Also, this irony takes the greatest risks with the audience who might misinterpret what is irony and what is literal. Might be simple reversal of literal meanings of words spoken or more complex, subtle, indirect and unobtrusive messages that require the collection of hints from within the text. Compliments the intelligence of the reader, who, by perceiving the irony, is in partnership with the author and the minority of characters who understand, too. Example: "It is truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" (Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice). The subtle irony is that a single woman is in want of a rich husband as manifested by the evidence in the novel that follows this opening line. Sarcasm: a type of verbal irony that is crude and blatant praise or dispraise. Example: "Oh, you're God's great gift to women, you are!" | 33 | |
| 3330875874 | irony (structural) | Structural irony: some works show sustained irony throughout the text. Instead of using occasional verbal irony, the author introduces a structural feature which serves to sustain duplicity of meaning. Common device: naïve hero or naïve narrator. Example: Jonathan Swift's well-meaning but insanely rational economist who is the naïve narrator in "A Modest Proposal." The reader perceives the irony of one who, though well meaning, proposes the conversion of the excess children of the oppressed and poverty-stricken Irish into financial and gastronomical assets | 34 | |
| 3330875875 | irony (dramatic) | Involves a situation in a play or narrative in which the audience shares with the author knowledge of which the character is ignorant. The character expects the opposite of what is destined, or says something that anticipates the outcome, but not in a way that is meant when said. Example: In Macbeth, by Act I, Scene I, the audience knows that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have already planned out Duncan's murder—yet King Duncan never suspects that he is walking into a trap. | 35 | |
| 3330875876 | irony (situational) | When the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and it actual results. The work has a surprise ending, that, although a "surprise," still fits the purpose, point of view, evidence and tone of the text. Example: In Thomas Hardy's "The Three Strangers," it is a surprise to the characters and the audience when the two strangers at the chimney corner turn out to be the hangman and his intended victim. | 36 | |
| 3330875877 | Isocolon | A succession of sentences, phrases and clauses of grammatically equal length. Examples: Bicolon - Bicolon has two grammatically equal structures. An example for this is Harley Davidson's slogan "American by Birth. Rebel by Choice." Tricolon - If there are three grammatically equal structures, it is called a tricolon. Such as: "That government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." (Abraham Lincoln) | 37 | |
| 3330875878 | Jargon | A characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves); "they don't speak our lingo" | 38 | |
| 3330875879 | Juxtaposition | A poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit. Ex. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd:/ Petals on a wet, black bough." ("In a Station of the Metro" by Ezra Pound). | 39 | |
| 3330875880 | Litotes | Noun. From Greek lítōtēs for "plain" or "simple." Assertion of an affirmative by negating its contrary. Example: "He's not the brightest man in the world," meaning "he is stupid." It is a simple form of understatement, often in Anglo-Saxon poetry, like Beowulf, it is a statement of grim irony. Example, in describing the dwelling place of the monster Grendel, Hrothgar states, "That is not a pleasant place." General example: "He is two bricks shy of a full load," meaning his reasoning powers are not all there. | 40 | |
| 3330875881 | Loose or Cumulative Sentence | Makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending. Ex. "We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of stories to tell our friends and neighbors." The sentence could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence. | 41 | |
| 3330875882 | metaphor | A figure of speech that compares two things which are basically dissimilar. (Example: The ship plowed the sea.) Unlike a simile, metaphors do not have a connective word (like, as, or than). Many metaphors are implied or suggested. (Example: Anne Bradstreet in "Upon the Burning of Our House" calls heaven "the beautiful house" built by "the mightiest architect.") An "extended" or "controlling" metaphor is used throughout the essay. A dead metaphor is one that is overly used and is no longer considered figurative, but rather literal. (Example: the leg of a chair.) A mixed metaphor is the use of two or more inconsistent metaphors in one expression. Mixed metaphors make no sense upon examination and are often used as humorous. (Example: To hold the fort, he'd have to shake a leg.) | 42 | |
| 3330875883 | metonymy | Noun. From Greek metōnymía for "change of name." A figure of speech where the term for one thing is applied for another with which it has become closely associated in experience, or where a part represents the whole. Example: "the crown" is figuratively the king. Example: the word "petticoat" represents femininity; whereas the word "pants" represents being in control. Reminder: This is not a synecdoche; the tools are different. For one, a metonymy is used so much that it has become a figure of speech. | 43 | |
| 3330875884 | mood | The atmosphere in the text created by the author's tone towards the subject. Sometimes called "atmosphere" or "ambience." Tools used: -Style (how sentences are combined) -syntax (strength, length and complexity of each sentence) -diction (individual word choice) | 44 | |
| 3330875885 | Mode of Discourse | Describes the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of language-based communication, particularly writing and speaking. Four of the most common rhetorical modes and their purpose are narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. | 45 | |
| 3330875886 | Narrative | A piece of writing that tells a story | 46 | |
| 3330875887 | Onomatopoeia | The use of words whose sound copies the sound of the thing or process that they describe On a simple level, words like "bang", "hiss", and "splash" are onomatopoeic, but it also has more subtle uses | 47 | |
| 3330875888 | oxymoron | Noun. From Greek: oxi means "sharp, keen, acute, pungent, acid"; moron means "dull, stupid, foolish." A figure of speech in which two contradictory words are placed side-by-side for effect. Words are obviously opposed or markedly contradictory terms. Casually reference: contradiction of terms. Examples: "civil war," "alone together," "deafening silence," or "jumbo shrimp." | 48 | |
| 3330875889 | paradox | A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue. Rhymes with "in your socks" Examples: Books are a poor man's wealth. Or, as Emily Dickinson writes, "Much madness is Divinest Sense." In John Donne's sonnet, "Death, Be Not Proud," he declares: One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die. | 49 | |
| 3330875890 | Parallelism/parallel structure | Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal grammatical constructions. Might be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a row to describe the same noun or verb. Might be two or more of the same type of phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive). Might be two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Might be a complex blend of single-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same sentence. Simple Example: He lived well, and he died well. | 50 | |
| 3330875891 | pathos | Noun. Etymology: Greek. A quality in an experience, narrative, literary work, etc., which arouses profound feelings of compassion or sorrow. Pathetic expression or emotion; transient or emotional. Example: For many audience members, the first time viewing Braveheart in a darkened theatre produced a profound pathos while watching William Wallace scream out "Freedom!" in his last dying moments after suffering a barbaric torture at the hands of the civilized English. | 51 | |
| 3330875892 | Periodic sentence | Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements. | 52 | |
| 3330875893 | Personification | The attribution of human feelings, emotions, or sensations to an inanimate object Personification is a kind of metaphor where human qualities are given to things or abstract ideas, and they are described as if they were a person | 53 | |
| 3330875894 | Point of View | The perspective from which a narrative is told. 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The perspective from which a story is told (first person, third person omniscient, or third person limited omniscient) | 54 | |
| 3330875895 | Prose | Any kind of writing which is not verse - usually divided into fiction and non-fiction | 55 | |
| 3330875896 | rhetoric | The art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse. Focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create fitting and appropriate discourse. Might also be used as an adjective to describe the elements of effective communication (rhetorical situation, rhetorical question, rhetorical example, etc.). | 56 | |
| 3330875897 | Rhetorical Question | A question that requires no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement. Ex. "If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin's arguments?" | 57 | |
| 3330875898 | Realism | Refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. | 58 | |
| 3330875899 | Sarcasm | From the Greek for "to tear flesh," involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something | 59 | |
| 3330875900 | satire | Text that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. Satire is meant to improve society through humor, not to tear it down through vicious ridicule. Doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). Targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals. As opposed to sarcasm, which is meant to abuse and ridicule an individual. Very creative and takes audience knowledge and perception to appreciate. | 60 | |
| 3330875901 | simile | A figure of speech, comparing two essentially unlike things through the use of a specific word of comparison (like, as, or than, for example). Example: "This is the Arsenal. From the floor to ceiling, like a huge organ, rise the burnished arms." | 61 | |
| 3330875902 | Style | The choices in diction, tone, syntax that a writer makes. Together, these choices create the manner of expression in a text, which is style. Evolves over time as writing habits are developed naturally. Considered both conscious and unconscious and thus may be altered to fit the purpose of the text. | 62 | |
| 3330875903 | symbolism | An idea, place, setting, prop, event or person that represents or stands for some idea or event. Never hidden, but interwoven throughout the text. It may also retain its own literal meaning while taking on the symbolic qualities. | 63 | |
| 3330875904 | synecdoche | Greek, for "taking together." A part of something is used to signify the whole. Or, more rarely, a whole to signify a part. Examples: Milton in "Lycidas" calls the corrupt clergy of the Church of England "blind mouths," meaning their misguided sermons represent their total corruption. Example: "Give me your hand," does not mean literally just your hand, but your entire physical help. Reminder: do not mix this term with metonymy. They are different tools. | 64 | |
| 3330875905 | Syntax | The way in which sentences are structured Sentences can be structured in different ways to achieve different effects | 65 | |
| 3330875906 | Theme | Central idea of a work of fiction or nonfiction. Revealed and developed in the course of a story or explored through argument. An abstract claim, or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which the text is designed to incorporate and makes persuasive to the reader. Often discussed as a main idea when confined to the parameters of the text. Often discussed as a theme when presented in abstract terms that go beyond the boundaries of the text. Example: The main idea of Great Expectations is that Pip has to learn to judge others by evidence and not by appearance, through which Dickens presents the theme that humans create most of their own problems by being prejudice, pompous and placing importance on social status rather than on personal character. | 66 | |
| 3330875907 | tone | Author's attitude toward subject matter as revealed through style, syntax, diction, figurative language, and organization. Author's tone creates mood in the text by use of the above tools. | 67 | |
| 3330875908 | Voice | The individual writing style of an author, a combination of idiotypical usage of syntax, diction, punctuation, character development, dialogue, etc., within a given body of text (or across several works). | 68 | |
| 3330875909 | Zeugma | A device that joins together two apparently incongruous things by applying a verb or adjective to both which only really applies to one of them "Kill the boys and the luggage" (Shakespeare's Henry V )s | 69 |
