PPT Answers and Terms
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| 7284197457 | anaphora | Repetition of a word, phrase or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. Deliberate form of repetition to reinforce point or to make it more coherent. Example: In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson places the subject, "He," at the beginning of twenty accusations in a row, each as a single paragraph, to put the weight of responsibility for the problems with King George III, whom Jefferson refers to in the third person. | 0 | |
| 7284197462 | Antimetabole | A sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal o the first; it adds power to the sentence. | 1 | |
| 7284197463 | antithesis | A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases or clauses. Example: ". . .one seeing more where the other sees less, one seeing black where the other sees white, one seeing big where the other sees small. . . ." Example: Shakespeare's Macbeth, Act I, Scene I, Line 11: "Fair is foul and foul is fair." Oxymoron: rhetorical antithesis, juxtaposing two contradictory terms like "wise fool" or "eloquent silent." | 2 | |
| 7284197464 | anecdote | A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Used in fiction and nonfiction. Develops point or injects humor. Commonly used as an illustration for an abstract point being made. Example: Mark Twain is famous for his short anecdotes about growing up in Missouri intertwined with humor and an abstract truth about human nature. | 3 | |
| 7284197495 | Connotation | An implication or association attached to a word or phrase. A connotation is suggested or felt rather than being explicit. | 4 | |
| 7284197506 | diction | Means "word choice." Refers to word choice as a reflection of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. Purpose, tone, point of view, persona, verve, color, all are affected by diction. | 5 | |
| 7284197523 | Epistrophe | The repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the words in the final position. | 6 | |
| 7284197527 | ethos | Etymology: Greek. A person's character or disposition. Credibility. | 7 | |
| 7284197556 | Imperative Sentence | Gives a Command | 8 | |
| 7284197564 | Inversion/ Inverted order of a sentence | Variation of the normal word order (subject, verb, complement) which puts the verb or complement at the head of the sentence. The sentence element appearing first is emphasized more than the subject that is buried in the sentence. | 9 | |
| 7284197570 | Juxtaposition | A poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit. Ex. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd:/ Petals on a wet, black bough." ("In a Station of the Metro" by Ezra Pound). | 10 | |
| 7284197574 | Loose or Cumulative Sentence | Makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending. Ex. "We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of stories to tell our friends and neighbors." The sentence could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence. | 11 | |
| 7284197584 | mood | The atmosphere in the text created by the author's tone towards the subject. Sometimes called "atmosphere" or "ambience." Tools used: -Style (how sentences are combined) -syntax (strength, length and complexity of each sentence) -diction (individual word choice) | 12 | |
| 7284197586 | Narrative | A piece of writing that tells a story | 13 | |
| 7284197587 | Natural Order of a Sentence | Involves constructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate. Ex, "Oranges grow in California." | 14 | |
| 7284197598 | oxymoron | Noun. From Greek: oxi means "sharp, keen, acute, pungent, acid"; moron means "dull, stupid, foolish." A figure of speech in which two contradictory words are placed side-by-side for effect. Words are obviously opposed or markedly contradictory terms. Casually reference: contradiction of terms. Examples: "civil war," "alone together," "deafening silence," or "jumbo shrimp." | 15 | |
| 7284197600 | paradox | A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue. Rhymes with "in your socks" Examples: Books are a poor man's wealth. Or, as Emily Dickinson writes, "Much madness is Divinest Sense." In John Donne's sonnet, "Death, Be Not Proud," he declares: One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die. | 16 | |
| 7284197601 | Parallelism/parallel structure | Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal grammatical constructions. Might be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a row to describe the same noun or verb. Might be two or more of the same type of phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive). Might be two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Might be a complex blend of single-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same sentence. Simple Example: He lived well, and he died well. | 17 | |
| 7284197604 | pathos | Noun. Etymology: Greek. A quality in an experience, narrative, literary work, etc., which arouses profound feelings of compassion or sorrow. Pathetic expression or emotion; transient or emotional. Example: For many audience members, the first time viewing Braveheart in a darkened theatre produced a profound pathos while watching William Wallace scream out "Freedom!" in his last dying moments after suffering a barbaric torture at the hands of the civilized English. | 18 | |
| 7284197607 | Periodic sentence | Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements. | 19 | |
| 7284197609 | Personification | The attribution of human feelings, emotions, or sensations to an inanimate object Personification is a kind of metaphor where human qualities are given to things or abstract ideas, and they are described as if they were a person | 20 | |
| 7284197616 | Prose | Any kind of writing which is not verse - usually divided into fiction and non-fiction | 21 | |
| 7284197623 | refutation | The art of mustering relevant opposing arguments. The author "refutes" through evidence logical opposition. | 22 | |
| 7284197624 | Repetition | A device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and to create emphasis. Ex. "...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth." ("Address at Gettysburg" by Abraham Lincoln) | 23 | |
| 7284197625 | rhetoric | The art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse. Focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create fitting and appropriate discourse. Might also be used as an adjective to describe the elements of effective communication (rhetorical situation, rhetorical question, rhetorical example, etc.). | 24 | |
| 7284197627 | Rhetorical Modes | The variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing (exposition explains and analyzes information; argumentation proves validity of an idea; description re-creates, invents, or presents a person, place, event or action; narration tells a story recount an event) | 25 | |
| 7284197628 | Rhetorical Question | A question that requires no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement. Ex. "If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin's arguments?" | 26 | |
| 7284197651 | style | The choices in diction, tone, syntax that a writer makes. Together, these choices create the manner of expression in a text, which is style. Evolves over time as writing habits are developed naturally. Considered both conscious and unconscious and thus may be altered to fit the purpose of the text. | 27 | |
| 7284197661 | Syntax | The way in which sentences are structured Sentences can be structured in different ways to achieve different effects | 28 | |
| 7284197667 | tone | Author's attitude toward subject matter as revealed through style, syntax, diction, figurative language, and organization. Author's tone creates mood in the text by use of the above tools. | 29 | |
| 7284197674 | Zeugma | A device that joins together two apparently incongruous things by applying a verb or adjective to both which only really applies to one of them "Kill the boys and the luggage" (Shakespeare's Henry V )s "She broke his car and his heart." | 30 | |
| 7284356944 | Persona | Greek for 'mask'. The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience. | 31 | |
| 7284364192 | Concession | An acknowledgment that the opposing argument may be true or reasonable. | 32 | |
| 7284369969 | Occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. | 33 | |
| 7284375733 | Polemic | Greek for 'hostile'. An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. | 34 | |
| 7284381144 | Purpose | Goal a the speaker wants to achieve. | 35 | |
| 7284382942 | Subject | The topic of the text. | 36 | |
| 7284390153 | synecdoche | Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. Examples: "Crown" "White House" "Wheels" | 37 | |
| 7284395446 | Alliteration | Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence. | 38 | |
| 7284400322 | Archaic Diction | Old-fashioned or outdated choice words. | 39 | |
| 7284401969 | Asyndeton | Ommision of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. "We came, we saw, we conquered" | 40 | |
| 7288498280 | Logos | Speakers appeals to reason by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | 41 | |
| 7288509044 | Audience | Listener or viewer of text. Most texts have multiple audiences. | 42 | |
| 7288515122 | Counterargument | Acknowledgment that the opposing argument might be true or reasonable. Strong argument usually accompanies this with a refutation. | 43 | |
| 7288524431 | Cumulative Sentence | Sentences that complete the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on. | 44 | |
| 7288543484 | Allusion | Brief reference to a person, event, place, or work of art. | 45 |
