Terms : Hide Images
| 6370880076 | ethos | refers to the writer's authority or character to deal with a topic | 0 | |
| 6370883005 | pathos | refers to the argument's emotional appeals or the text's ability to establish a relationship with an audience this does not meant how well the text makes one cry but how the text moves a reader. Writer tries to make the argument "matter" to the reader | 1 | |
| 6370891601 | logos | corresponds with the arguments logical appeals. effective arguments will include facts and other supporting details to back up the authors claims. positions. they may contain testimony from authorities will demonstrate the writiers carefulness in choosing and considering evidence. they are likely to be well organized and skillfully written. | 2 | |
| 6370902243 | inductive reasoning | Starts with specific instances to a general inference or conclusion - a generalization. This is the basis of scientific investigation: one looks at separate cases and then comes up with a general law or theory. Induction puts facts together to get ideas or a generalization ex:We believe that a certain medicine will cure a certain illness because health professionals have witnessed this many times over. | 3 | |
| 6370908724 | deductive reasoning | This kind of reasoning moves from the general to the specific. If Paul is the son of David who is the son of George, then Paul is the grandson of George. If that is not correct, then one of the premises is wrong. Deduction puts ideas together to discover what other ideas can be inferred from them. Deductive reasoning is more formal and complex than inductive reasoning. | 4 | |
| 6370919103 | syllogism | an argument that utilizes the deductive reasoning and consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion All trees that lose leaves are deciduous. (major premise) Maple trees lose their leaves. (minor premise) Therefore, maple trees are deciduous (conclusion) | 5 | |
| 6370931571 | false analogy | - an unjustified analogy that doesn't have enough similarities to make it effective. We take something that we might know to be true, then we compare it to something else to try to persuade. We should not elect a new president of the board while we are in the middle of building a new school. Everyone knows you shouldn't "change horses in midstream." Gene splicing is like creating a new recipe by combining familiar foods in a new way. (Well, not really!) | 6 | |
| 6370933486 | non sequitur | "doesn't follow" - an argument whose conclusion doesn't necessarily follow from its premise. He will be a good teacher because he is so compassionate. She will make an excellent senator because she knows her way around Washington. | 7 | |
| 6370936729 | oversimlification | Simplifying a problem by not considering all of its implications. Similar to hasty generalization, oversimplification is actually a type of false analogy (see below). | 8 | |
| 6370938600 | hasty generalization | coming to a conclusion without considering all the facts | 9 | |
| 6370940956 | post hoc | (also called "false cause") - a fallacy committed when a sequential relationship is misinterpreted as a CAUSE. He went out in the snow and then he got a cold. Playing in the snow will give you a cold. | 10 | |
| 6370945302 | begging the question (circular reasoning | an argument that takes as evidence what it wants (or claims) to prove. The candidate for mayor did not win because she did not receive enough votes. He owes his long life to the fact that he hasn't died yet. This ordinance will reduce juvenile delinquency because it will prevent crimes on the part of teenagers. (A is good because A is good.) If your premise is identical with your conclusion, you are begging the question. NOTE: This has NOTHING to do with ASKING A QUESTION. | 11 | |
| 6370951682 | limited options | Using statements that limit the possibilities in an argument: You are either for us or against us! The ONLY way we will win is for every member to give 100%. | 12 | |
| 6370954937 | ad populum argument | a false argument that appeals to the passions and prejudices of the group rather than to its reason. We will never give up our right to carry hand guns because we are Americans and Americans believe in freedom! | 13 | |
| 6370957333 | bandwagon | everybody does this, so you should, too | 14 | |
| 6370959859 | ad hominem | an argument that attacks the integrity of someone's character rather than the merits of an issue. Also called mudslinging. It can also refer to "character glorification" that is not relevant to an issue. She is so arrogant; her theories of economic behavior can't be valid. | 15 | |
| 6370962897 | tu quoque | pointing out that the opponent has actually done the thing he or she is arguing against, and so the opponent's argument shouldn't be listened to. | 16 | |
| 6370964463 | ad miserecordiam | an argument that appeals to someone's sense of pity rather than addressing the issues. I am the best person for this job because I need the money to pay my mortgage and car payments, and because my parents are both ill and can't support me any longer. | 17 | |
| 6370965887 | red herring | a side issue introduced into an argument in order to distract from the main argument. If we stopped standardized testing, look at all the money we'd save on #2 pencils! | 18 | |
| 6370967850 | ipse dixit | "he himself has spoken" - an unqualified expert makes a claim as an expert. I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV, and I take Tylenol when I have a headache. We should abolish the death penalty! Guy Handsome, the famous screen star, is opposed to the death penalty, as are a number of famous people. | 19 | |
| 6370973601 | straw man | misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to refute Some might say that. . . but. . . | 20 | |
| 6370976687 | slippery slope | claiming that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption. The arguer asserts that if we take even one step onto the "slippery slope," we will end up sliding all the way to the bottom; he or she assumes we can't stop halfway down the hill. | 21 | |
| 6370978396 | equivocation | sliding between two or more different meanings of a single word or phrase that is important to the argument | 22 | |
| 6370980699 | burden of proof | saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the calm, but with someone else to disprove | 23 | |
| 6370984133 | no true scotsman | making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticism or flaws of an argument Angus declared that Scotsman do not put sugar on their porridge. To which Lachlan points out that he is a Scotsman and he puts sugar on his porridge. Angus yells that no true Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge. | 24 | |
| 6370988587 | gamblers fallacy | believing that "runs" occur to statistically independent phenomena such as roulette wheel spins | 25 |
