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| 4977341715 | Invitational argument | Aims not to win over another person or group but to invite others to enter a space of mutual regard and exploration | 0 | |
| 4977341716 | Argument vs persuasion | ___ is to discover some version of truth, using evidence and reasons ____ is to change a point of view or to move others from conviction to action | 1 | |
| 4977341717 | Propaganda | Sets out to persuade at all costs, abandoning reason, fairness and truth altogether | 2 | |
| 4977341718 | Arguments to inform | Main purpose is to inform audience on something they didn't know Presenting specific information to inform readers | 3 | |
| 4977341719 | Arguments to convince | Focuses on the reader, trying to satisfy or convince them that you have thoroughly examined and presented information that merits attention | 4 | |
| 4977341720 | Arguments to explore | Usually show there is merit looking into a subject - that there is an argument to be made Problem exists, reader needs to solve it | 5 | |
| 4977341721 | Arguments to make decisions | Closely allied with exploratory arguments Argue for a particular decision | 6 | |
| 4977341722 | Arguments to meditate/pray | Pausing to consider or gain peace of mind Writer is hoping to transform something within to reach a peace of mind | 7 | |
| 4977341723 | Occasions for argument: Past | Forensic arguments: debates about what happened in the past Present evidence from the past to justify conclusions Rely heavily on precedents - actions or decisions in the past that influence policies or decisions in the present | 8 | |
| 4977341724 | Forensic arguments | Arguments about the past | 9 | |
| 4977341725 | Occasions for argument: Future | Deliberative argument: often rely on forensic arguments because what happened in the past usually decides what will happen in the future Make some kind of decision (proposal) Try to establish policies or project future outcomes | 10 | |
| 4977341726 | Deliberative arguments | Future arguments | 11 | |
| 4977341727 | Occasions for argument: Present | Epideictic or ceremonial arguments: to condemn or eulogize an individual, cause, occasion, movement, or state Often held about contemporary values Ethical premises/assumptions widely held by a society | 12 | |
| 4977341728 | Status of arguments | Arguments of fact: did something happen? Arguments of definition: what is its nature? Arguments of evaluation: what is its quality? Proposal arguments: what action should be taken? | 13 | |
| 4977341729 | Arguments of fact | Facts can be proven or disproven with evidence or testimony Concern: if something can be easily proved, it can't be argued | 14 | |
| 4977341730 | Arguments of definition | Often involves categorizing or defining terms | 15 | |
| 4977341731 | Arguments of evaluation | Common type of argument Argument of quality Makes some kind of judgment about the topic | 16 | |
| 4977341732 | Proposal arguments | Present evidence to show there is a problem; then propose a solution Recommend most viable course of action | 17 | |
| 4977341733 | Stasis arguments | Argument of fact: does global warming exist? Argument of definition: what is global warming? Argument of evaluation: should global warming be a concern to us today? Proposal argument: what action should be taken to stop global warming? | 18 | |
| 4977341734 | Audiences for arguments | Making a connection to the reader Writers do not write in a cultural vacuum Writers works are influenced by who they are | 19 | |
| 4977341735 | Race Religion Gender Ethnicity Class Intelligence | Factors of an audience | 20 | |
| 4977341736 | Ideal readers | Readers existing in writer's mind | 21 | |
| 4977341737 | Invoked readers | Readers represented in the text | 22 | |
| 4977341738 | Real readers | Readers as they actually exist | 23 | |
| 4977341739 | Rhetorical triangle/ Aristotelian triangle | A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship between the speaker, subject, and the audience | 24 | |
| 4977341740 | Pathos | Emotional appeals or appeals to the heart | 25 | |
| 4977341741 | Ethos | Ethical appeals or appeals based on the writer's authority and credibility | 26 | |
| 4977341742 | Logos | Logical appeals or appeals to reason | 27 | |
| 4977341743 | Emotional appeals | Designed to appeal to the readers' emotions and feelings Can cause readers to think more carefully about a subject | 28 | |
| 4977341744 | Ethical appeals | As writer, must seem honest, trustworthy, and sincere Look for evidence of character in arguments | 29 | |
| 4977341745 | Who is the author? Is writer an authority on topic/knowledgeable about topic? Is evidence presented full/complete, not slanted to writer's agenda? Does writer acknowledge and address opposition? Are sources documented? | Evidence of character | 30 | |
| 4977341746 | Ethical appeals | As author, you must consider Language Organization and structure Sense of authority | 31 | |
| 4977341747 | Logical appeals | Writer must provide enough evidence to support claims Test all assumptions and claims Question every source and authority cited Data and information from reliable sources | 32 | |
| 4977341748 | Rhetoric | The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion Thoughtful, reflective activity leading to effective communication, including rational exchange of opposing viewpoints | 33 | |
| 4977341749 | Audience | Those who understand and can use the available means to appeal to an ___ | 34 | |
| 4977341750 | Context | Occasion or time and place it was written or spoken | 35 | |
| 4977341751 | Purpose | Goal that the speaker or writer wants to achieve | 36 | |
| 4977341752 | Thesis/claim/assertion | A clear and focused statement | 37 | |
| 4977341753 | Speaker | A term used for the author or the person whose perspective is being advanced in a speech or piece or writing | 38 | |
| 4977341754 | Persona | The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing | 39 | |
| 4977341755 | Assumption | A belief or statement taken for granted without proof | 40 | |
| 4977341756 | Counterargument | A challenge to a position; an opposing argument | 41 | |
| 4977341757 | Concede | You agree that an opposing argument may be true | 42 | |
| 4977341758 | Refute | You deny the validity of all or part of the argument | 43 | |
| 4977341759 | Connotations | That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the world's literal meaning | 44 | |
| 4977341760 | Polemical argument | A hostile argument | 45 | |
| 4977341761 | Classical model | Five-part structure for an oratory, of speech, that writers still use today Introduction Narration Confirmation Refutation Conclusion | 46 | |
| 4977341762 | Introduction | Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion | 47 | |
| 4977341763 | Narration | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand, this beginning developmental paragraphs, or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing | 48 | |
| 4977341764 | Confirmation | Major part of the text, includes the development of proof needed to make the writer's case | 49 | |
| 4977341765 | Refutation | Addresses the counter arguments, is in many ways a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion | 50 | |
| 4977341766 | Conclusion | Brings the essay to a satisfying close | 51 | |
| 4977506169 | Patterns of development: Narration | Refers to taking a story or recounting a series of events | 52 | |
| 4977341767 | Patterns of development: Description | Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, feels, tastes, or smells | 53 | |
| 4977341768 | Patterns of development: Process analysis | Explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done | 54 | |
| 4977341769 | Patterns of development: Exemplification | Providing a series of examples- facts, specific cases, or instances- turns a general idea into a concrete one; this makes the argument clearer and more persuasive to a reader | 55 | |
| 4977341771 | Patterns of development: Compare and contrast | Juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities and differences | 56 | |
| 4977341772 | Patterns of development: Classification and division | Being able to sort material or ideas into major categories Writers and readers can make connections between things that might otherwise seem unrelated | 57 | |
| 4977341773 | Patterns of development: Development | Discussions depend upon definition Different things can mean something different in different contexts | 58 | |
| 4977506170 | Pattern of Development: Cause and effect | Analyzing the causes that lead to a certain effect or, conversely, the effects that result from a cause is a powerful foundation for argument | 59 | |
| 4977341775 | Occasion | O | 60 | |
| 4977341776 | Audience | A | 61 | |
| 4977341777 | Purpose | P | 62 | |
| 4977341778 | Subject | S | 63 | |
| 4977341779 | Tone | Tone | 64 | |
| 4977341780 | Sender | S | 65 | |
| 4977341781 | Message | M | 66 | |
| 4977341782 | Emotional strategies | E | 67 | |
| 4977341783 | Logical strategies | L | 68 | |
| 4977341784 | Language | L | 69 |
