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| 8034701999 | Proto-Tongue | Language is a culture trait, learned from one generation to another. | 0 | |
| 8034702000 | Proto-Tongue | It is speculated that nearly 2.5 million years ago, language first developed in order to organize human activity. | 1 | |
| 8034702001 | Language Divergence | Occurs when speakers of the same language scatter and develop variations of that original form of the language to meet their needs in the new surroundings. | 2 | |
| 8034702002 | Language Divergence | The proto-language may not have had words for concepts such as "snake" or "iceberg". Once the human group came into contact with these new concepts, they created new words for them. | 3 | |
| 8034702003 | Language Shift | When speakers come into contact with other languages, a blending of the two or more languages can occur. | 4 | |
| 8034702004 | Proto-Tongue | All original speakers communicated in the _______, or original language. | 5 | |
| 8034702005 | Proto-Tongue | Once speakers diffused to various places on Earth through migration, language divergence occurred and new languages and dialects spawned from the ______. | 6 | |
| 8034702006 | Language Shift | Language replacement occurs when invaders replace the language of those places they conquer. | 7 | |
| 8034702007 | Language Shift | Language replacement can lead to language extinction, when a language is no longer used. Some argue that Latin is facing language extinction, as fewer and fewer people are using Latin. | 8 | |
| 8034702008 | Reverse Reconstruction | Geographers can trance diffusion paths of language through ______, the process of tracking a language's diffusion. | 9 | |
| 8034702009 | Reverse Reconstruction | The process begins with the most recent places of the language's existence and moves backward through time, comparing words with geographic places and groups of people using the same or similar words. Ex: If two languages share a common word for an extinct animal and that animal only existed in one of the many places where the two languages are now spoken, then one possible conclusion its that the language diffused from the place where the extinct animal once existed and the speakers carried with them the word for the hearth's extinct animal. | 10 | |
| 8034702010 | Language Tree | Linguists have organized languages into a language tree. THe tree is subdivided into the following hierarchy. | 11 | |
| 8034702011 | Language Tree | 19 language families. Each family has its own branches. Each branch has its own groups. Each groups has its own language. Each language has its own dialects. | 12 | |
| 8034702012 | Indo-European Family | About 50 percent of all people speak and Indo-European language, most prominently English. English is part of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Other major branches of the Indo-European language family include the Balto-Slavic, Romance, and Indo-Iranian branches. | 13 | |
| 8034702013 | Proto-Indo-European | The original Indo-European language is referred to as_____ | 14 | |
| 8034702014 | Proto-Indo-European | New languages developed through language diversification as a result of migration of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the hearth of this language family. | 15 | |
| 8034702015 | Conquest Theory | Argues that Indo-European diffusion began in the empire-building Kurgan culture located in the steppe region of Russia, north of the Caspian Sea. | 16 | |
| 8034702016 | Agriculture Theory | Argues that Indo-European diffusion started in a farming community in Europe's Danube River region. | 17 | |
| 8034702017 | Proto-Indo-European | The location of the hearth of the Proto-Indo-European language is the subject of speculation. | 18 | |
| 8034702018 | Proto-Indo-European | Because modern Indo-European languages share words for "snow" but not "sea," the hearth is believed top have been somewhere with snow, but distant from the sea. | 19 | |
| 8034702019 | Proto-Indo-European | Linguists estimate its origin to have been between 6000 and 4500 BCE. | 20 | |
| 8034702020 | Proto-Indo-European | Speakers diffused by using horses and the wheel, the language evolved into various forms. | 21 | |
| 8034702021 | Multilingual States | Countries in which more than one language is spoken. They often contain linguistic minorities, or groups of speakers who are outnumbered by speakers of another language in the country. | 22 | |
| 8034702022 | Multilingual States | When there are power imbalances among linguistic groups, this can lead to conflict over language and its ties to nautical identity and power. | 23 | |
| 8034702023 | Monolingual States | Countries in which only one language is spoken. Because of the increasing pace of spatial-cultural interaction globally, purely monolingual countries no longer exist. One might argue, however that Japan is relatively monolingual with its stringent immigration laws. | 24 | |
| 8034702024 | Monolingual States | Countries like France have fought to preserve their monolingual heritage. For example, French politicians have called for laws to keep French pure and prohibit the infusion of English words into their vocabulary. | 25 | |
| 8034702025 | Official Language | Language in which all government business occurs in a country. Often the language of the powerful, linguistic majority. | 26 | |
| 8034702026 | Standard Langauge | Is the acceptable form of a given language as declared by political or societal leaders. | 27 | |
| 8034702027 | Standard Language | The British government declared British Received Pronunciation (BRP) English as the standard form of the language to be taught in all schools, rather than American English. | 28 | |
| 8034702028 | Lingua Franca | A common language used by speakers of different languages. In a region is rooted in colonialism and imperialism, such as the use of French in Cameroon and Senegal and English India. | 29 | |
| 8034702029 | In the multilingual region of East Africa, hundreds of native languages are spoken but people turn to Swahili as their lingua franca to communicate with speakers of other languages when they need to trade or conduct business. | Lingua Franca | 30 | |
| 8034702030 | Pidgin Language | When regions are invaded or economically dominated by a foreign-language speaking group, the dominated group is often forced to pick up the language of the dominators in order to trade with them and conduct business. | 31 | |
| 8034702031 | Creolization | Once a pidginized language becomes part of a culture and is written down, it becomes known as a creole (or creolized) language, or a pidgin language that has become the main language of a group of people. | 32 | |
| 8034702032 | Toponymy | Place names that reflect cultural identity and impact the cultural landscape. People take great pride in naming their place, which can become a controversial task because determining a toponymy can indicate ownership and control over space. | 33 | |
| 8034702033 | Toponymy | Give clues into origins and aspirations of their related cultures. | 34 | |
| 8034702034 | Saint Petersburg, Russia, was named by Czar Peter the Great, perhaps conveniently after his patron saint, Peter. | Toponymy | 35 | |
| 8039428848 | Monolingual Countries | France/Japan/Venezuela | 36 | |
| 8039428849 | Multilingual Countries | Belgium/Switzerland/Canada | 37 | |
| 8039428850 | English | From Indo-European family, it is widespread around the world. It is the second most spoken language and is most common. | 38 | |
| 8039428851 | Stages of Language | Nostratic > Proto-Indo-European > Indo-European | 39 | |
| 8039428852 | Acculturation | Blending of cultures. | 40 | |
| 8039469410 | Backwards Reconstruction | Sound shifts | 41 | |
| 8039469411 | Deep Reconstruction | A long time ago. | 42 |
