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AP Language Vocabulary 1-13 Flashcards

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7312419206AllusionA figure of speech that makes a reference to a place, person, or something that happened0
7312419207EpithetAn adjective or adjective phrase appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject1
7484222184MetonymyA figure of speech that is another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche (and, in fact, some rhetoricians do not distinguish between the two), in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared2
7484222185DysphemismA figure of speech which is defined as the use of disparaging or offensive expressions instead of inoffensive ones. The use of negative expressions instead of positive ones. Opposite of euphemism3
7484222186Fallacy of DivisionInferring that something is true of one or more of the parts from the fact that it is true of the whole4
7484222187LitoteA figure of speech which employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, a particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite or contrary of the word which otherwise would be used5
7484222188License1.) A permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade. Formal or official permission to do something 2.) Freedom to deviate from fact or from conventions such as grammar, meter, or perspective, for effect 3.) Freedom to behave as one wishes, especially in a way that results in excessive or unacceptable behavior 4.) An excuse to do something wrong 5.) To authorize the use, performance, or release of...6
7484222189Gravity1.) The force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical body having mass 2.) Extreme or alarming importance; seriousness7
7484222190Temper1.) A person's state of mind seen in terms of their being angry or calm 2.) The degree of hardness and elasticity in steel or other metal 3.) To improve the hardness and elasticity of (steel or other metal) by reheating and then cooling it 4.) To serve as a neutralizing or counterbalancing force to (something) 5.) To tune so as to make the tones available in different keys or tonalities8
7484222191ParallelismRecurrent syntactical similarity. Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance It adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence9
7484222192Appeal to force (Argumentum ad bauculum)An argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given as a justification10
7484222193AntithesisIt establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure.11
7484222194InvectiveSpeech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution. It involves the use of abusive and negative use of language12
7484222195Stand1.) To have or maintain an upright position, supported by one's feet 2.) (Of an object, building, or settlement) to be situated in a particular place or position 3.) To be in a specified state or condition 4.) To withstand (an experience or test) without being damaged 5.) An attitude toward a particular issue; a position taken in an argument 6.) A place where, or an object on which, someone or something stands, sits, or rests, in particular 7.) A cessation from motion or progress 8.) A group of growing plants of a specified kind, especially trees.13
7484222196Pedestrian1.) Lacking inspiration or excitement; dull 2.) A person walking along a road or in a developed area14
7484222197Want1.) To have, desire, or feel need 2.) To fail to possess especially in customary or required amount 3.) To hunt or seek in order to apprehend15
7484222198HyperboleThe counterpart of understatement. It deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect16
7484222199SimileA comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way17
7484222200Personal Attack (Argumentum ad hominen)Fallacy in which an argument is rebutted by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, or persons associated with the argument, rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself18
7484222201False Cause (Post hoc ergo propter hoc)The fallacy of arguing that one event was caused by another event merely because it occurred after that event19
7484222202Root1.) The part of the plant attached to the ground 2.) The basic cause, source, or origin of something 3.) To establish deeply and firmly 4.) To cause to grow roots 5.) To cause to stand immobile through fear or amazement 6.) Family, ethnic, or cultural origins 7.) The essential substance or nature of something 8.) In biblical use; a scion (descendant)20
7484222203Milk1.) The actual drink 2.) To milk from a cow or other animal, either by hand or mechanically 3.) To exploit or defraud someone by taking small amounts of money regularly 4.) To elicit a response and prolong it 5.) To get all possible advantage21
7484222204Buffet1.) Meal consisting of several dishes from which guests serve themselves 2.) To strike viciously and repeatedly; batter 3.) To knock someone off course 4.) To afflict harm over a long period22
7484222205HypophoraRaising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length23
7484222206StrawmanSubstituting a person's actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument24
7484222207Appeal to Tradition (Argumentum ad antiquitatem)Using historical preferences of the people (tradition), either in general or as specific as the historical preferences of a single individual, as evidence that the historical preference is correct. Traditions are often passed from generation to generation with no other explanation besides, "this is the way it has always been done"—which is not a reason, it is an absence of a reason25
7484222208MetaphorCompares two different things by speaking of one in terms of the other. Asserts that one thing is another thing, not just that one is like another26
7484222209Argument by Repetition (Argumentum ad nauseam)Repeating an argument or a premise over and over again in place of better supporting evidence27
7484222210Bent1.) Sharply curved or having an angle 2.) A natural talent or inclination 3.) Determined to do or have something 4.) A stiff grass that is used for lawns and is a component of pasture and hay grasses 5.) To shape or force (something straight) into a curve or angle 6.) (Of a person) To incline the body downward from the vertical 7.) To force or be forced to submit28
7484222211Arrest1.) To seize (someone) by legal authority and take into custody 2.) To stop or check (progress or a process) 3.) To attract the attention of (someone) 4.) the action of seizing someone to take into custody 5.) A stoppage or sudden cessation of motion29
7484222212Negotiate1.) To try to reach an agreement or compromise by discussion with others 2.) To find a way over or through (an obstacle or difficult path) 3.) To transfer (a check, bill, or other document) to the legal ownership of another person30
7484222213EnumeratioDetailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly31
7484222214AnaphoraThe repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences, commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism32
7484222215JuxtapositionA literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts33
7484222216IdiomThe term refers to a set expression or a phrase comprising two or more words. The phrase is understood as to mean something quite different from what individual words of the phrase would imply. Alternatively, it can be said that the phrase is interpreted in a figurative sense34
7484222217EuphemismPolite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant35
7484222218Discriminating1.) (Of a person) having or showing refined taste or good judgment 2.) To recognize a distinction; differentiate 3.) To make an unjust or prejudicial distinction in the treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, sex, or age 4.) Serving to distinguish; distinctive36
7484222219Abandon1.) To give up completely (a course of action, a practice, or a way of thinking) 2.) To cease to support or look after (someone); desert 3.) Complete lack of inhibition or restraint 4.) To allow oneself to indulge in (a desire or impulse) 5.) To condemn someone or something to (a specified fate) by ceasing to take an interest in or look after them37
7484222220Climate1.) The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period 2.) The prevailing attitudes, standards, or environmental conditions of a group, period, or place 3.) A region with particular prevailing weather conditions38
7484222221AnalogyCompares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one39
7484222222EuphonyIt can be defined as the use of words and phrases that are distinguished as having a wide range of noteworthy melody or loveliness in the sounds they create. It gives pleasing and soothing effects to the ears due to repeated vowels and smooth consonants40
7484222223Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)The attempt to distract from the truth of the conclusion by the use of pity41
7484222224Sanction1.) A threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule 2.) Official permission or approval for an action 3.) To impose a sanction or penalty on 4.) To give official permission or approval for (an action)42
7484222225Embroider1.) To decorate (cloth) by sewing patterns on it with thread 2.) To add fictitious or exaggerated details to (an account) to make it more interesting43
7484222226Police1.) The civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order 2.) (Of a police force) to have the duty of maintaining law and order in or for (an area or event)44
7484222227AsyndetonConsists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses45
7484222228CatachresisAn extravagant, implied metaphor using words in an alien or unusual way46
7484222229OxymoronA paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun ("eloquent silence") or adverb-adjective ("inertly strong") relationship, and is used for effect, complexity, emphasis, or wit47
7484222230AlliterationThe recurrence of initial consonant sounds. The repetition can be juxtaposed (and then it is usually limited to two words)48
7484222231PolysyndetonThe use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. It has the effect of a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up49
7484222232Retiring1.) Shy and fond of being on one's own 2.) To leave one's job and cease to work, typically upon reaching the normal age for leaving employment 3.) To withdraw to or from a particular place50
7484222233Modest1.) Unassuming or moderate in the estimation of one's abilities or achievements 2.) (Of an amount, rate, or level of something) relatively moderate, limited, or small 3.) (Of a woman) dressing or behaving so as to avoid impropriety or indecency, especially to avoid attracting sexual attention51
7484222234Pore1.) A minute opening in a surface, especially the skin or integument of an organism, through which gases, liquids, or microscopic particles can pass 2.) To be absorbed in the reading or study of52
7484222235Slight1.) Very small 2.) To offend 3.) The act of offending53
7484222236Grill1.) To cook 2.) To torment 3.) To interrogate54
7484222237Warrant1.) A document issued by a legal or government official authorizing the police or some other body to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out some other action relating to the administration of justice 2.) To justify or necessitate (a certain course of action) 3.) To require55
7484222238OnomatopoeiaThe use of words whose pronunciation imitates the sound the word describes56
7484222239ProcatalepsisAnticipates an objection and answers it, permitting an argument to continue moving forward while taking into account points or reasons opposing either the train of thought or its final conclusions57
7484222240EquivocationUsing an ambiguous term in more than one sense, thus making an argument misleading58
7484222241Hasty GeneralizationDrawing a conclusion based on a small sample size, rather than looking at statistics that are much more in line with the typical or average situation59
7484222242Sweeping Generalization (Dicto simpliciter)This applies a general statement too broadly. If one takes a general rule, and applies it to a case to which, due to the specific features of the case, the rule does not apply, then one commits this fallacy. This fallacy is the reverse of a hasty generalization, which infers a general rule from a specific case60
7484222243Asylum1.) The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee 2.) An institution offering shelter and support to people who are mentally ill61
7484222244Anxious1.) Experiencing worry, unease, or nervousness, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome 2.) Wanting something very much, typically with a feeling of unease62
7484222245Table1.) A piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface on which objects may be placed 2.) A set of facts or figures systematically displayed, especially in columns 3.) A flat surface (in regards to architecture) 4.) To postpone consideration of 5.) To present formally for discussion or consideration at a meeting (British) 6.) A meeting place or forum for formal discussions held to settle an issue or dispute63
7484222246UnderstatementDeliberately expressing an idea as less important than it actually is, either for ironic emphasis or for politeness and tact64
7484222247Tu quoqueClaiming the argument is flawed by pointing out that the one making the argument is not acting consistently with the claims of the argument. Basically, answering criticism with criticism65
7484222248Bandwagon (Arguementum ad numerum)When the claim that most or many people in general or of a particular group accept a belief as true is presented as evidence for the claim. Accepting another person's belief, or many people's beliefs, without demanding evidence as to why that person accepts the belief, is lazy thinking and a dangerous way to accept information66
7484222249False Dilemma (Dichotomy)When only two choices are presented yet more exist, or a spectrum of possible choices exists between two extremes. Usually characterized by "either this or that" language, but can also be characterized by omissions of choices67
7484222250Arguing from Ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)The assumption of a conclusion or fact based primarily on lack of evidence to the contrary. Usually best described by, "absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"68
7484222251Static1.) Lacking in movement, action, or change, especially in a way viewed as undesirable or uninteresting 2.) Crackling or hissing noises on a telephone, radio, or other telecommunications system69
7484222252Prize1.) A thing given as a reward to the winner of a competition or race or in recognition of another outstanding achievement 2.) (Especially of something entered in a competition) having been or likely to be awarded a prize 3.) To value extremely highly 4.) A lever70
7484222253Founder1.) A person who manufactures articles of cast metal; the owner or operator of a foundry 2.) A person who establishes an institution or settlement 3.) (Of a ship) to fill with water and sink 4.) (Of a plan or undertaking) to fail or break down, typically as a result of a particular problem or setback71
7484222254Independent ClauseA clause that make a complete sentence. As such, it contains a subject, a verb, and expresses a clear thought72
7484222255Subordinate ClauseA clause that cannot stand alone and usually begins with a subordinate conjunction. As such, it modifies the main clause or some part of it73
7484222256Chiasmus"Reverse parallelism" where the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Instead of an A,B structure (learned unwillingly) paralleled by another A,B structure (forgotten gladly), the A,B will be followed by B,A (gladly forgotten)74
7484222257CacophonyThe use of words with sharp, harsh, hissing and unmelodious sounds primarily those of consonants to achieve desired results75
7484222258Precipitate1.) To cause (an event or situation) to happen suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely 2.) Done, made, or acting suddenly or without consideration 3.) In chemistry, to cause a solid to form76
7484222259Check1.) To examined something to determine its accuracy, quality, or condition, or to detect the presence of something 2.) To stop or slow down the progress of 3.) An examination to test or ascertain quality or condition 4.) A token of identification 5.) A counter used as a stake in gambling 6.) A demarcation 7.) A crack or flaw in timber77
7484222260Eclipse1.) An obscuring of light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and either the observer or the source of illumination 2.) A loss of significance, power, or prominence in relation to another person or thing78
7484222261DistinctioAn explicit reference to a particular meaning or to the various meanings of a word, in order to remove or prevent ambiguity79
7484222262Slippery SlopeWhen a relatively insignificant first event is suggested to lead to a more significant event, which in turn leads to a more significant event, and so on, until some ultimate, significant event is reached, where the connection of each event is not only unwarranted, but with each step it becomes more and more improbable80
7484222263Red HerringA deliberate diversion of attention with the intention of trying to abandon the original argument81
7484222264Court1.) A tribunal presided over by a judge 2.) An area marked out for ball games 3.) The establishment, retinue, and courtiers of a sovereign 4.) To be involved romantically, typically with the intention of marrying82
7484222265Channel1.) A length of water wider than a strait 2.) A band of frequencies used in radio and tv transmission 3.) A medium for communication 4.) To direct toward a particular end 5.) To form channels or grooves in83
7484222266Qualify1.) To be entitled to a particular benefit or privilege by fulfilling a necessary condition 2.) To become officially recognized as a practitioner of a particular profession by satisfying relevant conditions or requirements 3.) To make (statement or assertion) less absolute; to add reservations to84
7484222267PersonificationAn animal or inanimate object as having human attributes--attributes of form, character, feelings, behavior, and so on. This includes ideas and abstractions85
7484222268ZeugmaA figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or an adjective, applies to more than one noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas86
7484222269Foster1.) To encourage or promote the development of (something, typically something regarded as good) 2.) To bring up (a child that is not one's own by birth) 3.) Denoting someone that has a specified family connection through fostering rather than birth87
7484222270Restrained1.) Characterized by reserve or moderation; unemotional or dispassionate 2.) To prevent (someone or something) from doing something; keep under control or within limits88
7484222271Relief1.) A feeling of reassurance and relaxation following release from anxiety or distress 2.) Assistance, especially in the form of food, clothing, or money, given to those in special need or difficulty 3.) A person or group of people replacing others who have been on duty 4.) The state of being clearly visible or obvious due to being accentuated in some way.89

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