Terms : Hide Images
| 9037519627 | skeletal system | _____ _____ structural functions: - support of soft tissue - protection (axial skeleton protects heart and lungs, and helps with breathing) - movement (appendicular skeleton) | 0 | |
| 9037542283 | skeletal system | _____ _____ physiological functions: - electrolyte balance (Ca and P ions make salts hard and therefore protect soft tissue) - acid base homeostasis (buffering with PO4 and CO3 salts) - hematopoiesis (in marrow cavities) | 1 | |
| 9037570573 | hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells in marrow cavities | 2 | |
| 9037585650 | shape, ossification process, and location | 3 ways bones can be classified | 3 | |
| 9037591512 | diaphysis | shaft of long bone, mostly composed of compact (dense) bone | 4 | |
| 9037594711 | epiphysis | expanded ends of long bone | 5 | |
| 9037597317 | metaphysis | region in long bone of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity | 6 | |
| 9037616484 | medullary cavity | central cavity of diaphysis in long bone where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored | 7 | |
| 9037653668 | articular cartilage | cover each joint surface in long bone hyaline | 8 | |
| 9037674280 | osteoarthritis | deficiency of articular cartilage | 9 | |
| 9037695896 | compact bone, spongy bone, marrow | types of long bone | 10 | |
| 9037698703 | compact | _____ bone is dense | 11 | |
| 9037702089 | weight | spongy bone is used as a _______ saving adaptation | 12 | |
| 9037705867 | red | ____ marrow actively makes RBC's and is mostly found in children | 13 | |
| 9037712416 | yellow | ____ marrow is made of fat, and is used for long term energy storage RBC's are now in maintenance (adulthood) | 14 | |
| 9037742815 | long bone | bone such as the femur or humerus that is markedly longer than wide and that generally serves as a lever | 15 | |
| 9037748610 | flat bone | most cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, hips | 16 | |
| 9037751919 | flat bone | ___ ____ structure: spongy bone sandwich adapted for protection and weightsaving everything from neck up lacuna with canaliculi to connect | 17 | |
| 9037768338 | central cavity | canal in compact bone containing blood vessels and nerves | 18 | |
| 9037796068 | spongy bone | contains trabeculae and spicules (boney spikes) benefit: lightweight drawback: strength most affected by osteoporosis because of surface area | 19 | |
| 9040130499 | connective | bone is _______ tissue | 20 | |
| 9040137261 | cells, fibers, ground substance | bone histology (3 characteristics) | 21 | |
| 9040146672 | calcium balance | function of bone cells | 22 | |
| 9040149502 | 10 mg/dL | normal calcium level in blood | 23 | |
| 9040162208 | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes | bone cells derived from mesenchyme | 24 | |
| 9040167267 | osteogenic cells | derived from mesenchyme, critical for growth and repair (still have them well into adulthood), differentiation (divisions produce osteoblasts) | 25 | |
| 9040195238 | osteoblasts | arise from osteogenic cells bone forming cells (osteoid--->bone) immature bone cell secretes organic components of matrix which crystallizes divisions produce osteocytes | 26 | |
| 9040227504 | osteocytes | mature bone cell formed when an osteoblast becomes surrounded by its own matrix and entrapped in lacuna communicate via canaliculi can build or break down bone tissue | 27 | |
| 9040236018 | canaliculi | slender channels connecting lacunae | 28 | |
| 9040251490 | osteoclasts | break down the bone matrix (osteolysis), can result in osteoporosis release Ca2+ to help heart, muscles and nerves (resorption) multinucleate (many nuclei) derived from monocyte/macrophage cell line | 29 | |
| 9040279753 | osteolysis | destruction or disappearance of bone tissue | 30 | |
| 9040299165 | hydroxyapatite | what is the ground substance of bone tissue made of? | 31 | |
| 9040307904 | calcium, phosphate, carbonate salt | what is hydroxyapatite made of? | 32 | |
| 9040311625 | hydroxyapatite | ground substance crystalline structure of Calcium, phosphate, and carbonate salt gives bone rigidity also found in tooth enamel subject to demineralization (with acidity - meth, lemons, bulimia, etc) | 33 | |
| 9040328497 | demineralization | hydroxyapatite is subject to _____ | 34 | |
| 9040331306 | gives bone rigidity | function of hydroxyapatite (ground substance) | 35 | |
| 9040338822 | collagen | fibers of bone tissue | 36 | |
| 9040343991 | gives bone flexibility | function of collagen (bone fibers) | 37 | |
| 9040347683 | sacrificial bonds | hold collagen (bone fibers) together can tear and pop back (only so many times) less of them as you get older | 38 | |
| 9040365251 | trabeculae | thin plate or layer of tissue in spongy bone | 39 | |
| 9040392775 | ossification | formation of bone | 40 | |
| 9040395369 | endochondral ossification | bone formation with a hyaline cartilage precursor most bones develop this way | 41 | |
| 9040401612 | intramembranous ossification | bone formation with a mesenchyme precursor produces flat bones of skull and most of clavicle | 42 | |
| 9040440885 | 100% | what percentage of inorganic substances in your bones are replaced within the first year | 43 | |
| 9040447235 | 10% per year | what percentage of inorganic substances in your bones are replaced as an adult | 44 | |
| 9040465127 | the number of osteoclasts = the number of osteoblasts | one can maintain bone density if | 45 | |
| 9040471858 | appositional growth | occurs by intramembranous ossification at the bone surface increasing diameter of bone (outer layer deposited, inner layer resorbed) | 46 | |
| 9040477492 | greater bone density and diameter | increased stress on bones = | 47 | |
| 9040487926 | muscle contraction and nerve transmission | essential functions of Ca homeostasis | 48 | |
| 9040649193 | calcitriol and PTH | which hormones increase blood Ca levels | 49 | |
| 9040652831 | calcitonin | which hormone decreases blood Ca levels | 50 | |
| 9040655861 | calcitriol | aka vitamin D (synthesized by UV light) increases blood Ca levels by: - increasing Ca absorption in intestines - increasing osteolysis - inhibiting Ca excretion in the kidneys | 51 | |
| 9040688359 | parathyroid hormone | increases blood Ca levels response: osteoclasts stimulated, kidneys resorb more Ca2+ kidneys synthesize calcitriol (intestines more permeable to Ca2+) inhibit collagen synthesis in osteoblasts (bone deposition inhibited) | 52 | |
| 9040745817 | t tubule | extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal muscle cells permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration |  | 53 |
| 9040784539 | calcitonin | opposes affects of PTH (decreases blood Ca level) response: - osteoclasts inhibited Ca2+ reabsorption inhibited at kidney tubules (=excretion) Ca2+ reabsorption inhibited at intestines | 54 | |
| 9121627989 | skeletal muscle | function of _____ _____: skeletal mvmt maintain posture protection and support of soft tissue regulation of digestive and excretory passage temperature homeostasis | 55 | |
| 9121649700 | skeletal muscle | properties of ____ ____: excitability conductivity contractility extensibility elasticity | 56 | |
| 9121670381 | epimysium | dense irregular CT surrounding entire muscle group, allowing them to slide over each other | 57 | |
| 9121676678 | perimysium | surrounds bundles of muscle fibers in fascicles | 58 | |
| 9121687133 | endomysium | surrounds individual muscle fibers | 59 | |
| 9121701490 | myoblasts | muscle stem cells (like mesenchyme is to bone) many nuclei divide and merge w/ others | 60 | |
| 9121718415 | many | myoblasts have _____ nuclei | 61 | |
| 9121722249 | satellite cells | myoblasts that remain between endomysium and plasma membrane can "wake up" and repair themselves during injury | 62 | |
| 9121771290 | innervated | individual muscle fibers are ________ by neurons control based on # of branches | 63 | |
| 9121783900 | muscle fiber | a muscle cell is also known as a _____ _____ | 64 | |
| 9121792263 | multinucleated | muscle fibers are _________ (many nuclei) | 65 | |
| 9121796723 | sarcolemma | plasma membrane of muscle cell | 66 | |
| 9121799927 | polarized | the sarcolemma is _____ (the charges are separated, the reason it is excitable) | 67 | |
| 9121809745 | myofibrils | allow muscles to contract made of actin and myosin | 68 | |
| 9121816499 | actin and myosin | myofibrils are made of what? | 69 | |
| 9121824642 | mitochondria | muscle fibers have tons of ________ | 70 | |
| 9121828023 | t tubule | allow stimuli to move into the interior of the cell (transmit electrical signals) continuous with sarcolemma | 71 | |
| 9121843467 | transmit electrical signals | function of t tubules | 72 | |
| 9121845957 | sarcoplasmic reticulum | organelle that stores Ca ions responds to stimulus (closely associated with the T tubules, penetrates between them) | 73 | |
| 9121863246 | T tubules | the sarcoplasmic reticulum penetrates between the _____ ______ | 74 | |
| 9121872200 | triad | adjacent terminal cisternae and t tubule (TC - t tubule - TC) | 75 | |
| 9121878578 | sarcomere | fundamental unit of contraction composed of: myofilaments stabilizing proteins regulating proteins | 76 | |
| 9121892505 | myosin | thick filaments are made of _____ | 77 | |
| 9121895410 | actin and regulating proteins | thin filaments are made of _____ and ______ ______ | 78 | |
| 9121909705 | striated | _____ muscle has a banded appearance A band = darker I band = lighter |  | 79 |
| 9121920670 | A band | darker portion of striated muscle made of thick filaments | 80 | |
| 9121926297 | I band | lighter portion of striated muscle made of thin filaments | 81 | |
| 9121937464 | A band | the M line, H zone, and 2 zones of overlap are all structures of the ___ _____ | 82 | |
| 9121944551 | m line | middle of A band gives it structural support attaches thick filaments | 83 | |
| 9121962079 | h zone | structure of A band made of thick filaments only gets smaller as muscle contraacts | 84 | |
| 9390996532 | I band | made of only thin filaments z line and titin | 85 | |
| 9391003548 | actin and regulatory proteins | thin filaments are made primarily of ____ and _____ _____ (tropomyosin and tropoin) | 86 | |
| 9391012342 | tropomyosin | covers myosin binding sites on thin filaments | 87 | |
| 9391016428 | troponin | controls tropomyosin winding binds to Ca+ when muscle is stimulated caused conformational change of tropomyosin | 88 | |
| 9391024867 | low to high | ATP moves myosin from a ____ to ___ energy state | 89 | |
| 9391029360 | myosin | thick filaments are made primarily of | 90 | |
| 9391043647 | motor unit | motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates | 91 | |
| 9391050753 | -70 mV | the resting membrane potential is normally ____ | 92 | |
| 9391073232 | latent period | delay between the onset of a stimulus and the onset of a twitch | 93 | |
| 9391078198 | incomplete tetanus | muscle relaxes partially between stimuli wiggles at the end on a myogram | 94 | |
| 9391082467 | complete tetanus | twitches fuse into a single nonfluctuating contraction due to high frequency doesn't happen naturally in humans | 95 | |
| 9391089882 | muscle tone | continuous low-level contraction of muscles consumes continuous energy | 96 | |
| 9391092240 | isometric contraction | muscle contraction in which the muscle length does not change tension = load | 97 | |
| 9391098123 | isotonic contraction | muscle contraction in which the muscle length changes concentric or eccentric | 98 | |
| 9391101634 | concentric | type of isotonic contraction muscle shortens tension > load (lifting) | 99 | |
| 9391107779 | eccentric | type of isotonic contraction muscle lengthens tension < load (lowering) | 100 | |
| 9391972210 | ATP | required for contraction oxidative respiration and fermentation | 101 | |
| 9392003704 | fermentation | pathway of ATP synthesis Enables a cell to produce ATP w/o need for oxygen produces lactic acid which must be removed from the muscle and disposed of by the liver | 102 | |
| 9392022629 | oxidative respiration | pathway of ATP synthesis much more efficient use of energy you already have happens in mitochondria | 103 | |
| 9392037310 | ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen | energy sources (first to last) | 104 | |
| 9392039307 | creatine phosphate | created during rest 7-15 sec of contraction ADP + CP <--> ATP + creatine (now myosin can use!) | 105 | |
| 9392049339 | glycogen | glucose chains (easily broken off one at a time on demand) anaerobic storage (2 min) aerobic use (40 min) - after this you get energy from the circulatory system | 106 | |
| 9392072529 | fatty acids | a muscle at rest is fueled by _____ _____ | 107 | |
| 9392082570 | aerobic | _____ activity: moderate glycogen consumed, ATP concentration drops glycogen ---> glucose | 108 | |
| 9392087503 | anaerobic | _____activity: strenuous anaerobic fermentation (glycolysis) CP consumed, lactic acid produced | 109 | |
| 9392255445 | Cori cycle | lactic acid removal from a muscle by the liver lactic acid --> pyruvic acid --> glucose endergonic (requires ATP) | 110 | |
| 9392328707 | hypertrophy | muscles get bigger muscles increase # of myofilaments | 111 | |
| 9392406385 | VO2 max | rate of uptake where increasing workload does not increase O2 uptake plateau of oxygen consumption | 112 | |
| 9392434144 | brain and spinal cord | ____ and _____ ____ make up the CNS | 113 | |
| 9392438662 | sensory and motor | ____ and ____ division make up the PNS | 114 | |
| 9392454992 | excitability | respond to environmental changes (stimuli) | 115 | |
| 9392479793 | conductivity | respond by producing electrical signal conducted to other cells | 116 | |
| 9392488056 | afferent | sensory neurons are ____ | 117 | |
| 9392490822 | afferent | sensor to control center (ascending) | 118 | |
| 9392497526 | sensory neurons | part of the PNS afferent somatic/visceral receptors | 119 | |
| 9392518795 | somatic | ______ receptors: exteroceptors (receive external stimuli) and proprioceptors (tell us where muscles are) | 120 | |
| 9392528200 | visceral | _____ receptors: interoceptors (BP and body temp) | 121 | |
| 9392535054 | interneurons | part of CNS neurons within control centers (brain nuclei) integrate info, coordination of motor activity | 122 | |
| 9392542360 | motor neurons | part of PNS efferent much less abundant in the body somatic/visceral | 123 | |
| 9392555541 | efferent | control center to effector (exiting brain) | 124 | |
| 9392563151 | somatic | ____ motor neurons send the message from the control center to skeletal muscle | 125 | |
| 9392588275 | visceral | ____ motor neurons send the message from the control center to the smooth/cardiac muscle and glands | 126 | |
| 9392643636 | perikaryon | cytoplasm of a neuron produces neurotransmitters | 127 | |
| 9392651256 | dendrites | receive incoming messages and conduct signals to soma branching extensions from soma, interact with other neurons | 128 | |
| 9392705872 | axon | single branch from cell body | 129 | |
| 9392709160 | axoplasm | axon cytoplasm | 130 | |
| 9392709161 | axolemma | axon cell membrane, separates charges | 131 | |
| 9392714249 | axon hillock | origination of axon from cell body (soma) | 132 | |
| 9392716402 | telodendria | multiple branchings from axon | 133 | |
| 9392758410 | synapse | space between 2 neurons | 134 | |
| 9392768525 | anterograde | axonal transport soma ---> axon | 135 | |
| 9392771584 | retrograde | axonal transport axon ---> soma (backward) | 136 | |
| 9392809679 | ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia | CNS neuroglia (4 types) | 137 | |
| 9392816962 | ependymal cells | CNS neuroglia epithelial cells line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord produce/maintain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | 138 | |
| 9392840321 | astrocytes | CNS neuroglia maintain blood-brain barrier (cover entire brain surface) CNS structure repair certain parts of neurons (very limited) brain development controlling interstitial environment | 139 | |
| 9392892753 | oligodendrocytes | CNS neuroglia myelination of axons in CNS internodes nodes of Ranvier structure | 140 | |
| 9392929434 | nodes of ranvier | gaps between internodes | 141 | |
| 9392931225 | microglia | CNS neuroglia primary immune cells of the nervous system removes waste/debris via phagocytes | 142 | |
| 9392977752 | satellite cells and schwann cells | PNS neuroglia (2 types) | 143 | |
| 9392982684 | satellite cells | PNS neuroglia regulate interstitial environment (like astrocytes) | 144 | |
| 9393976598 | schwann cells | myelinate PNS cell axons (like oligodendrocytes) repair of PNS (damaged nerve fibers) | 145 | |
| 9393993825 | hyperpolarization | making membrane potential more negative (open K+ channels) | 146 | |
| 9393995473 | repolarization | bringing back to resting membrane potential | 147 | |
| 9393997163 | depolarization | making membrane potential more positive (open Na+ channels) | 148 | |
| 9393999853 | graded potential | small change in membrane potential localized anything before threshold gate ion channels (chemically/mechanically) | 149 | |
| 9394004455 | mechanically | _____ gated ion channels: respond to physical change in the membrane, can be opened or closed | 150 | |
| 9394006176 | chemically | _____ gated ion channels: respond to the binding of chemicals can be opened or closed | 151 | |
| 9394007690 | voltage | ____ gated ion channels: respond to changes in the transmembrane potential transmit action potentials open, closed, or locked (refractory period) | 152 | |
| 9394019731 | action potential | rapid voltage change in which the membrane briefly reverses electrical polarity chain reaction of depolarization along axon (wave) | 153 | |
| 9394030522 | refractory period | state in which the neuron is unavailable to stimulation prevents backward polarization | 154 | |
| 9394036211 | continuous | ____ propagation: unmyelinated axons along entire axon (baby steps) | 155 | |
| 9394039979 | saltatory | _____ propagation: myelinated axons occurs at nodes of ranvier (jumps) more rapid | 156 | |
| 9394044109 | increases | myelination _____ propagation speed because the myelin sheath insulates the axon | 157 | |
| 9394045968 | increases | an axon with a thicker diameter ____ propagation speed | 158 | |
| 9394048732 | A | type ___ fibers: large diameter, myelinated (fastest) afferent: balance, light touch efferent: skeletal muscle | 159 | |
| 9394053826 | B | type ___ fibers: thinner, myelinated (medium speed) afferent: skin pain, temp efferent: smooth muscle | 160 | |
| 9394056421 | C | type ___ fibers: thin, unmyelinated (slowest) afferent: internal pain, temp efferent: cardiac muscle, glands | 161 | |
| 9394061243 | electrical | _____ synapse: rare immediate/ direct propagation of impulse via gap junctions | 162 | |
| 9394063534 | chemical | ____ synapse: release of neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory | 163 | |
| 9394077504 | divergent | ___ neuronal pool: individual neuron sends signals to multiple downstream neurons ex: one motor neuron stimulating thousands of muscle fibers | 164 | |
| 9394079762 | convergent | ____ neuronal pool: many inputs to one neuron ex: different sensory stimuli can all elicit the same memory | 165 | |
| 9394082225 | reverberating | ___ neuronal pool: positive feedback ex: rhythmic activities (breathing, maintaining consciousness) | 166 | |
| 9394084583 | parallel after discharge | ___ neuronal pool: input - chain - ouput | 167 |
