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| 6976582627 | Plato's Academy | School of philosophy created by Plato in Athens. |  | 0 |
| 6976585768 | Aeneid | Virgil's Latin epic story of the Trojan Aeneas and his pre-founding of Rome. |  | 1 |
| 6976589031 | Aeschylus | Greek poet and founder of tragedy. The "Oresteia." |  | 2 |
| 6976592036 | Aesop's Fables | Greeks stories told with animals and teaching moral lessons. |  | 3 |
| 6976594330 | Agnosticism | Denial of knowledge of the existence of a God. |  | 4 |
| 6976595435 | Allah | Islamic name for God. Arabic. |  | 5 |
| 6976598458 | Animism | Belief that natural objects possess a spirit. |  | 6 |
| 6976601329 | Anthropomorphism | Giving human characteristics to objects, animals, plants, nature, or God. |  | 7 |
| 6976603487 | St. Aquinas | 13th Cent. priest. Reconciled Aristotle with Christianity. |  | 8 |
| 6976604845 | Aristophanes | Greek comic poet. The "Clouds" and "Lysistrata." | 9 | |
| 6976606787 | Beatrice | Woman loved by Dante. Guides his through Paradise. Subject of his sonnets. Represents object of courtly love. |  | 10 |
| 6976609943 | Calvin | French protestant 16th Cent. God's grace and predestination. |  | 11 |
| 6976614042 | Candide | Satire by Voltaire. "All is for the best in this best of all possible worlds." | 12 | |
| 6976618665 | Cicero | Ancient Roman statesman. Rhetoric |  | 13 |
| 6976620096 | Clockwork Universe | Image of universe as God's clock, set into motion and determining laws of physics. Newton and heliocentric universe. |  | 14 |
| 6976622715 | Cogito, ergo sum | Latin. I think; therefore I am. Descartes |  | 15 |
| 6976625927 | Confucius. | His ethics influences Chinese value on learning and family. |  | 16 |
| 6976627604 | Copernicus | Modeled Ptolemaic (solar system) Universe. Founded modern astronomy. |  | 17 |
| 6976630708 | Dante | Italian 13th Cent. Divine Comedy epic journey through hell, purgatory and heaven. |  | 18 |
| 6976633284 | Deism | God created and remains apart from universe using natural law. Rejects supernatural. Stresses ethical conduct. Many founder of US claimed to be deists. |  | 19 |
| 6976636220 | Don Juan | Legendary Spanish lover. Referred to by Mozart and Byron. |  | 20 |
| 6976638751 | Don Quixote | Cervantes. Reads too much Romance and believes he is a knight. Too idealistic? |  | 21 |
| 6976640727 | Dostoevsky | Russian 19th Cent. "Crime and Punishment" and "The Brothers Karamazov." |  | 22 |
| 6976642240 | Dualism | System explaining in terms of 2 opposing principles. Mind/matter Light/ Dark Good/Evil |  | 23 |
| 6976647423 | Epicureanism | philosophy founded on finding pleasure in life. Higher intellectual/ spiritual pleasure. |  | 24 |
| 6976650286 | Ethical relativism | The belief that ethical standards are subject to local interpretation and application. Prevailing view of person or culture. |  | 25 |
| 6982305836 | Existentialism | Fear or dread coming from knowing that we are entirely free and therefore responsible for what we become vs. living in roles. |  | 26 |
| 6982307837 | Fatalism | Events come from an impersonal fate and cannot be changed. (Determinism) |  | 27 |
| 6982309637 | Faust | Legendary alchemist who sold his soul to get youth, knowledge and power. Goethe and Marlowe |  | 28 |
| 6982312077 | Free Will | Ability to choose, think and act voluntarily. Author or your own actions vs. fate. |  | 29 |
| 6982315402 | Good Friday | Holy Friday. Crucifixion prior to Easter Sunday. |  | 30 |
| 6982318273 | Grace | Favor, love, and protection of God. Leads to salvation. |  | 31 |
| 6982322801 | Hedonism | Devotion to sensual pleasures. Vs. Epicureanism |  | 32 |
| 6982324105 | Heresy | Belief considered unacceptable religiously. Heretics. |  | 33 |
| 6982324682 | Herodotus | Greek Father of History. Persian wars. |  | 34 |
| 6982334152 | Humanist | Focus on human possibilities. Less focus on God and afterlife. |  | 35 |
| 6982344649 | Immaculate Conception | Catholic doctrine the Mary, Mother of Jesus, was free from original sin. |  | 36 |
| 6982347606 | Inferno | Hell in Dante's Divine Comedy. Describes various punishments. |  | 37 |
| 6982352033 | Islam | Founded by Mohammed. Worship of one God of Jews and Christians. "Submission to the will of God." |  | 38 |
| 6982354701 | Jihad | Holy War ordained by God. A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah" |  | 39 |
| 7162155633 | Kafka | The Metamophosis. Known for bizarre and frustrating stories. Man wakes up as a fly. |  | 40 |
| 7162158848 | Kant | 18th Cent. German philosopher. The "Critiques." We cannot know a thing in itself as it is- but only as our mind constitutes it. Must believe in God, Free Will. |  | 41 |
| 7162168202 | King James Bible | 1611. English Protestant best-known version. Commissioned by King James I. |  | 42 |
| 7162173710 | Koran | Holy book of Islam The holy text used by Islam containing the exact word of God as revealed to Muhammad. Also Qu'ran |  | 43 |
| 7162176477 | Kosher | Following special dietary laws taken from Hebrew scripture. |  | 44 |
| 7162178774 | Liberal Arts | To cultivate general intellect.The subjects and skills necessary for a free person to take part in public life trivium: rhetoric, grammar, logic, quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music |  | 45 |
| 7162182000 | Locke | Natural Rights: life, liberty, property believed that governments were in place to safeguard the natural rights of people Tabula Rasa. Leviathan |  | 46 |
| 7162184288 | Lucifer | a proud, rebellious archangel, identified with Satan, who fell from heaven. Milton's anti-hero. Greek "Bringer of Light." |  | 47 |
| 7162186923 | Martin Luther | 16th Cent. German. Founded Protestantism. Posted the 95 Theses on Church door at Wittenberg. Opposed sell of indulgences and transubstantiation. |  | 48 |
| 7162192389 | Lysistrata | by Aristophanes; women go on sex strike until the Peloponnesian war is over. 411 BC |  | 49 |
| 7162198800 | Machiavelli | Wrote "The Prince" wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power. The ends justify the means |  | 50 |
| 7164606466 | Marxism | Economic determinism. Capitalists vs. workers would lead to revolt and production would be commonly owned. Communism. |  | 51 |
| 7164612403 | Mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace and home of the Kaaba. A black sacred stone. | | 52 |
| 7164630449 | Mephistopheles | Devil who tempts Faust into selling his soul. Goethe and Christopher Marlowe wrote about him. So did Sting. |  | 53 |
| 7164638155 | Metamophoses | Roman source for much of our classical mythology. The banished poet Ovid wrote it. | 54 | |
| 7164696202 | Mohammed | Arab founder of Islam. Chief prophet of God. Dictated the Koran. |  | 55 |
| 7164699197 | Moliere | Satirical French writer of Tartuffe and the Misanthrope. |  | 56 |
| 7164701855 | Mortal Sin | Venial Sin in catholic theology, a more serious sin that results in spiritual death. Willful murder is one. |  | 57 |
| 7164710036 | Music of the Spheres | Created by harmonious of movement of stars and planets within celestial spheres. Ptolemaic Universe. |  | 58 |
| 7164714692 | Nietzche | Opposed to Christianity. "God is Dead." Concept of the "Superman" influenced the Nazi's. |  | 59 |
| 7164717177 | Nihilism | Human life is meaningless. All religions, codes, and systems are empty and false. Nihil=nothing |  | 60 |
| 7164721350 | Noble Savage | Uncivilized person but more worthy than some civilized. Tonto? Often Romanticized. |  | 61 |
| 7164724943 | Nirvana | Buddhist highest state of consciousness. Free from attachments and desires. |  | 62 |
| 7164728289 | Ockham | Philosopher in 14th Cent. "Entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity." The simplest solution is usually right. Helio-centric universe. |  | 63 |
| 7164760458 | Pantheism | God or a group of gods, = the natural world. Nature worship. Pan was a roman satyr god who lived in the forest. Panic. |  | 64 |
| 7164765920 | Penance | Acts done to make up for sin. |  | 65 |
| 7164768005 | Philosopher-King | Plato's ideal ruler from his work "The Republic". Wise and virtuous. |  | 66 |
| 7164769211 | Perfectability of Man | Doctrine that people are capable of achieving perfection on earth by natural means without the grace of God. |  | 67 |
| 7164777600 | Philosopher's Stone | Used in "alchemy" to turn metals into gold. Harry Potter! |  | 68 |
| 7164782713 | Platonism | Words and numbers exist independently of the things they are called. |  | 69 |
| 7164784542 | Polytheism | Belief in multiple gods. Ex. Ancient Greeks. |  | 70 |
| 7164786309 | Pragmatism | Truth of a statement is measured by its practical consequences. John Dewey. | 71 | |
| 7164787985 | Predestination | John Calvin. All events have been willed by God. Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation |  | 72 |
| 7164794311 | Providence | the protective care of God or of nature as a spiritual power. Divine. Declaration of Independence. |  | 73 |
| 7164799489 | Purgatory | Place for dead souls to be purified of sin before they can enter heaven. Hamlet's dad hangs here. |  | 74 |
| 7164803024 | Relativism | Doctrine that nothing is universally true but valid depending on the circumstances. |  | 75 |
| 7164806314 | Romanticism | Nineteenth-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. Imagination, freedom. |  | 76 |
| 7164810831 | Marquis de Sade | 18th cent. French author notorious for works of sexual perversity and sadism. Pleasure from pain. |  | 77 |
| 7164814365 | Sappho | Ancient Greek poet known for her love lyrics. |  | 78 |
| 7164816111 | Schism | permanent division in a church. Eastern and Western Catholicism. |  | 79 |
| 7164819971 | Secular | Not concerned with religious matters. Opposite of sacred. Not anti-religious. State vs. Church. |  | 80 |
| 7164824512 | Seven Deadly Sins | Middle Age sins that lead to damnation. Pride, greed, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, and sloth. |  | 81 |
| 7164829928 | Sophists | Greek teachers more interested in winning the argument than truth. |  | 82 |
| 7164834183 | Stoicism | Roman stoics believed that people strictly restrain emotion to achieve wisdom. Spock and Brutus. |  | 83 |
| 7164887774 | Tabula Rasa | Blank Slate. Calvin believed children were born this way. |  | 84 |
| 7164893367 | Totem | animal or plant whose spirit guided them. Represented for a person, family or group. |  | 85 |
| 7164897929 | Transubstantiation | The changing of bread and wine of the Eucharist into the body and blood of Christ. Major dispute between protestants and Catholics. |  | 86 |
| 7164901760 | Troubadours | Wandering minstrels who popularized the vernacular in lyric poetry. Medieval internet. Taught chivalry and love. |  | 87 |
| 7164904459 | Utilitarianism | Option That Results in the Greates Good for the Greatest # of People. John Stuart Mill. |  | 88 |
| 7164907304 | Virgil | Author of Aeneid. Roman poet of founding of Rome through travels of Aeneas. Trojan. Led Dante through Inferno. |  | 89 |
| 7164910616 | Vishnu | Preserver deity of Hinduism. Appeared as Krishna and the Buddha. |  | 90 |
| 7164913600 | Yin and Yang | Powers that govern the natural rhythms of life and must be balanced in Chinese theory. Tao. Yin=passive, negative. Yang=active, positive. | | 91 |
| 7164916854 | Zen | From Buddhism. Enlightenment thru meditation. Release from self. |  | 92 |
| 7164922730 | Zeitgeist | the mood or spirit of the times. Roaring Twenties. |  | 93 |
| 7164927692 | Beowulf | A hero who fights Grendel, Grendel's Mother and a fire breathing dragon; protagonist |  | 94 |
| 7164928443 | Bard of Avon | Shakespeare's nickname because he was born in Stratford-Upon-the-Avon River |  | 95 |
| 7164928987 | Big Brother | Ruler or government that invades privacy of citizens fro "security." George Orwell's 1984 |  | 96 |
| 7164930965 | Brave New World | Aldous Huxley. Government control by pleasure principle. Keep masses distracted, ignorant and pleasured. Soma. From Shakespeare's "Tempest." |  | 97 |
| 7164935314 | Byronic Hero | Lord Byron. Melancholy and rebellious young man. Usually destroyed. Byron, James Dean, Kurt Cobain. Romanticized. | 98 | |
| 7164938483 | Catch-22 | Joseph Heller. WWII Post-modern. Absurd arrangement that puts one in a double bind. Soldier could be mentally "unfit", and released if insane, but if sane enough to detest the horrors of war, he could not. |  | 99 |
