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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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5040016115AbstractA style (in writing) that is typically complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, and seldom uses examples to support its points0
5040024380AcademicAs an adjective describing style, this word means dry and theoretical writing. A piece of writing that seems to be sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis1
5040036364Aesthetic, AestheticsCan be used as an adjective meaning "appealing to the senses." As a noun, it is a coherent sense of taste. The plural form defines the study of beauty2
5040061714AllegoryA prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrates multiple levels of meaning and significance. Often it is a universal symbol or personified abstraction such as death portrayed as a black-cloaked "grim reaper" with a scythe and hourglass3
5040085689AlliterationThe sequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually heard in closely proximate stressed syllables. "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."4
5040107690AllusionA reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place5
5040133290AmbiguityA vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation6
5040142879Anachronism"misplaced in time." If the actor playing Brutus in a production of Julius Caesar forgets to remove his watch from his wrist7
5040159841AnalogyA comparison. Usually involves two or more symbolic parts and are employed to clarify an action or a relationship8
5040180458AnaphoraThe regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses9
5040190294AnecdoteA brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature10
5040199414AnnotationA brief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature11
5040205419AntagonistAny force that is in opposition to the main character, or protagonist12
5040219680AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause that a pronoun refers to or replaces13
5040234008AnthropomorphismIn literature, when inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena are given human characteristics, behavior, or motivation. Personification is similar to this.14
5040247234AnticlimaxThis occurs when an action produces far smaller results that on had been led to expect. Frequently comic.15
5040271725AntiheroA protagonist who is markedly unheroic by being morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of unsavory qualities16
5040280868AntithesisThe juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas. A rhetorical opposition or contrast of ides by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences. For example, Alexander Pope reminds us that "To err is human, to forgive is divine."17
5040304590AphorismA short and usually witty saying18
5040315847ApostropheAn address or invocation to something that is inanimate--such as an angry lover who might scream at the ocean in his or her despair19
5040353532Archaismthe use of deliberately old-fashioned language. Authors sometimes use this to create a feeling of antiquity20
5040364987ArchetypeRecurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature21
5040383593AssonanceA repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually those found in stressed syllables of close proximity22
5040392783AsyndetonA style in which conjunctions are omitted, usually producing a fast-paced, more rapid prose. For example, Caesar's famous lines, "I came, I saw, I conquered"23
5040407291AtmosphereThe emotional tone or background that surrounds the scene24
5040411921AttitudeThe sense expressed by the tone of voice and/or the mood of a piece of writing: the feelings the author holds towards his subject, the people in his narrative, the events, the setting or even the theme. It might even be the feeling he holds for the reader25
5040447265BalladA narrative poem that is, or originally was, meant to be sung. Repetition and refrain (recurring phrase or phrases) characterize this.26
5040470599Ballad stanzaa common stanza form, consisting of a quatrain (a stanza with four lines) that alternates four-beat lines: one and three are unrhymed iambic tetrameter (4 beats), and 2 and 4 are rhymed iambic trimester (3 beats)27
5040500712BathosInsincere and overdone sentimentality28
5526875699PathosWhen the writing of a scene evokes feelings of dignity and sympathy29
5040521442BildungsromanA German word referring to a novel structured as series of events that take place as the hero travels in a quest of a goal30
5040536130Black humorThe use of disturbing themes in comedy31
5040553853Blank VerseThe verse form that most resembles common speech, it consists of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter32
5040564712BombastPretentious, exaggeratedly learned language33
5040575156BurlesqueA broad parody, one that takes a style or form, such as tragic drama, and exaggerates it into ridiculousness.34
5040590130CacophonyRefers to using deliberately harsh, awkward sounds, particularly in poetry35
5040596518CadenceThe beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense (as opposed to identifying a specific rhythm such as iambic pentameter).36
5040607419CaesuraA pause in a line of verse, indicated by natural speech patterns rather than due to specific metrical patterns37
5040616565CanonThe works considered most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied38
5042622613Cantothe name for a section division in a long work of poetry. It divides a long poem into parts the way chapters divide a novel39
5042626047CaricatureA description in which character's characteristics or features are so deliberately exaggerated as to render them absurd40
5042630109CatharsisTerm drawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience experiences, having lived (vicariously) through the experiences presented on stage41
5042632435ChorusThe group of citizens who stand outside the main action on stage and comment on it42
5042633537ChiasmusA figure of speech by which the order of the terms in the first two parallel clauses is reversed in the second. This may involve a repetition of the same words: "Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure" -Byron43
5042636847Coinage (neologism)A new word, usually invented on the spot44
5042638893ColloquialOrdinary language, the vernacular45
5053539666ColloquialismA word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that is not part of accepted, standard English46
5042640347Coming-of-age-story/novelA tale in which a young protagonist experiences an introduction to adulthood. The character may develop understanding via disillusionment, education, doses of reality, or any other experiences that alter his or her emotional or intellectual maturity. Example: Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird47
5042643424Complex/DenseThese two terms carry the similar meaning of suggesting that there is more than one possibility in the earning of words (image, idea, opposition); the text presents subtleties and variations with multiple layers of interpretation; the meaning is both explicit (stated) and implicit (implied)48
5042646582ConceitA comparison of to unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, in a particular extended metaphor within a poem. Might be the idea of tracing a love affair as a flower growing, budding, coming to fruition, and dying, for example49
5042651312ConnotationWhat is suggested by a word, apart from what it explicitly describes, often referred to as the implied meaning of a word50
5042653266Consonancethe repetition of consonant sounds within words51
5042654864CoupletTwo rhyming lines of iambic pentameter that together present a single idea or connection52
5042657932DecorumIn order to observe this, a character's speech must be styled according to her social station, and in accordance with the occasion53
5042659966DenotationA direct and specific meaning, often referred to as the dictionary meaning of a word54
5042661452Deus ex machineIn literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem; an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived pot device in a play or novel55
5042664097DialectThe language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group of people56
5042670313DictionThe specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect57
5042674214DirgeA song for the dead. Its tone is typically slow, heavy, and melancholy58
5042675139DissonanceThe grating of incompatible sounds59
5042675781DoggerelCrude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme. Limericks are an example of this60
5042678494Dramatic IronyWhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not know61
5042680718Dramatic monologueA monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience. Also known as a soliloquy.62
5042682982ElegyA poetic lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation.63
5042685215ElementsThis word is used constantly and with the assumption that you know exactly what it means. Refer to the basic techniques of each genre of literature-characters, plot, irony, theme, setting, symbol, figurative language, imagery, rhythm, rhyme,characters, conflict, climax, set, props, exposition, rising action, falling action, resolution64
5042689367EllipsisThree spaced periods (. . .) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation65
5042691100Elliptical ConstructionA sentence containing a deliberate omission of words66
5047131303End-stoppedA term that describes a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause often indicated by mark of punctuation67
5047139010Enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet of a poem to the next68
5047155980EpicA poem that celebrates, in a continuous narrative, the achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, often concerned with the founding of a nation or developing of a culture; it uses elevated language and grand, high style. Prime example are The Illiad, The Odyssey, and Paradise Lost, and Star Wars69
5047164461Epigraphquoted lines that are presented at the beginning of a text or the beginning of the chapters in a novel that work toward motif or theme development70
5047168916Epiphanya moment when a character (or an individual) arrives at a conscious understanding or realization of something important; this realization provides enlightenment that alters the character's perception of a situation, a character, or himself/herself; may carry religious connotations in the context71
5047183543EpitaphLines that commemorate the dead at their burial place. Usaully a line or handful of lines, often serious or religious, but sometimes witty ad even irreverent72
5047189551EuphemismA word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality. The use of passed away for died, and let go for fired are examples73
5047196279EuphonyWhen sounds blend harmoniously74
5047202393Explicitto say or write something directly and clearly75
5047206048ExpositionThat part of the structure that sets the scene, introduces and identifies characters, and establishes the situation at the beginning of a story or play76
5047211736Extended metaphora detailed and complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work, also known as a conceit77
5047221218Fablea legend or a short moral story often using animals as characters. Aesop is the best-known teller of these.78
5047229483Falling actionThat part of a plot structure in which the complications of the rising action are untangled. This is also known as the denouement79
5047232877FarceCharacterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick and physical humor. A Midsummer's Night's Dream, Catch-22, Pink Panther, or Search for the Holy Grail are some examples80
5047244376Foila secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast.81
5047251099Footthe basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry. Formed by a combination of 2 or 3 syllables, either stressed or unstressed82
5047255508ForeshadowingTo hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand83
5047258330Formal DictionLanguage that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal. Often used in narrative epic poetry.84
5047264987FlashbackRetrospection, where an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narrative.85
5047275483Free VersePoetry that is characterized by varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter, and non-rhyming.86
5047282814Genrea type or class of literature such as epic, drama, novel, or poetry87
5047284912Gothic novelThis form emerged in the middle of the 18th century and held popularity for 60 years, but is still alive. Think mysterious gloomy castles perched high upon cliffs. Ex: Frankenstein88
5047294093HubrisThe excessive pride or ambition that leads to the character's downfall89
5047298347Hyperboleoverstatement characterized by exaggerated language. EX: "I'm starving!"90
5047304094IambicA metrical foot in poetry that consists of two syllables, one short unstressed syllable (u) followed by a longer stressed syllable (/). Often used in sets of five called iambic pentameter91
5047309584ImageryBroadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work; more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object. Basically, it involves any or all of the five senses. Types: auditory, gustatory, visual, tactile, and olfactory92
5047319834ImplicitTo say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly. Subtext is another way to address what is meant beyond what the text literally says93
5047330158Informal dictionLanguage that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech. such diction might include words like OK, bye, hey, huh?94
5047335179In medias res"in the midst of things"; refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitating filling in past details by exposition or flashback95
5047340973Interior monologueIt refers to writing that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head, but unlike a stream of consciousness narration it is actually coherent and understandable.96
5047536410InversionSwitching the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase. Example: "A pizza large I'll have, one with the fixin's all."97
5047550335IronyA situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant. Often humorous and sometimes sarcastic when it uses words to imply the opposite of what they normally mean.98
5047565959Jargonspecialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group99
5047574052JuxtapostionThe location of one thing as being adjacent or juxtaposed with another. This placing of 2 items side by side creates a certain effect, reveals an attitude, or accomplishes some purpose of the writer.100
5047585150Lamenta poem of sadness or grief over the death of a love done or over some other intense loss101
5047598200Lampoona satire102
5047600366Litotesa figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement. For example, the understated "not bad" as comment about something especially well done103
5047605822Loose SentenceA sentence grammatically complete, and usually stating its main idea, before the end. The sentence has to be long enough to clearly show the pattern.104
5047613583LyricOriginally designated poems intended to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre; now any short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than describing a narrative or dramatic situation.105
5047620831MessageA misleading term for theme; The central idea or statement of a story, or area of inquiry or explanation; misleading because it suggests a simple, packaged statement that preexists and for the simple communication of which the story is written106
5047628583MetaphorOne thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy between theme. It is an implicit comparison or identification of one thing with another unlike itself without the use of a verbal signal such as like or as.107
5047639183MeterThe more or less regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. This is determined by the kind of "foot" and by the number of feet per line108
5047655019MetonymyA figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something109
5047664997MoodA feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/ narrator's attitude and point of view. This effect is fabricated through descriptions of feelings or objects that establish a sense of fear, patriotism, sanctity, hope, etc110
5047678107MotifA recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as signal for the appearance of a character or event.111
5047687245Museone of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts, the imaginary source of inspiration112
5047689989Narrative structurea textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework113
5047695488NarratorThe character who tells the story, or in poetry, the persona114
5047697315NemesisThe protagonist's archenemy or supreme and persistent difficulty115
5047700721Objectivitytreatment of subject matter that is an impersonal or outside view of events116
5527238226Subjectivitytreatment uses the interior or personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses117
5047716598Occasional Poema poem written about or for specific occasion, public or private118
5047720996OdeA lyric poem that is somewhat serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style and sometimes uses elaborate stanza structure, which is often patterned in sets of 3. These are written to praise and exalt a person, characteristic, quality or object119
5047730530OnomatopoeiaA word capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes; "buzz" is a good example. The purpose of these words is to make a passage more effective for the reader or listener.120
5047740975OppositionA pair of elements that contrast sharply. It is not necessarily conflict but rather a pairing of images (or settings or appeals) whereby each becomes more striking and informative because it is placed in contrast to the other. It creates mystery and tension. They can be obvious and lead lead to irony121
5047755789Overstatementexaggerated language; also called hyperbole122
5047758586OxymoronA figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements, sometimes resulting in a humorous image or statement123
5047767257Parablea short fiction that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy; often spiritual124
5047773551ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true125
5047779462Parallel StructureThe use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts; Repeated syntactical similarities used for effect126
5047790710Paraphraseto restate phrases and sentences into your own words; to rephrase. This is not analysis or interpretation. Demonstrates comprehension of content127
5047802523Parenthetical PhraseA phrase set off by commas that interrupts the flow of a sentence with some commentary or added detail.128
5047808868ParodyA work that imitates another work for comic effect by exaggerating the style and changing the content of the original129
5047822286Pastorala work (also called an eclogue, a bucolic, or an idyll) that describes the simple life of country folk, life in a world full of beauty, music, love, and tranquil nature130
5047827055Periodic SentenceA sentence in which is not grammatically complete until the end131
5047840055PersonaThe voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author132
5047846086PersonificationTreating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualities133
5047857535Petrarchan sonnetalso called Italian sonnet: a sonnet form that divides the poem into one section of 8 lines (octave) and a section of 6 lines (sestet), usually following the abba abba cde cde rhyme scheme though the sestet's rhyme varies134
5047866798Plotthe arrangement of the narration based on the cause-effect relationship of the events135
5047870570Point of viewthe perspective from which a story is told136
5527351946Objective Narratora 3rd person narrator who only reports what would be visible to a camera; thoughts and feelings are only revealed if a character speaks of them137
5527346534Limited Omniscienta 3rd person narrator who reports the thoughts of only one character and generally only what one character sees138
5527321920First-person narratora narrator, referred to as "I", who is a character in the story and relates the actions through his or her own perspective, also revealing his or her own thoughts139
5527330365Stream of Consciousness NarratorLike a 1st person narrator, but instead placing the reader inside the character's head, making the reader privy to the continuous, chaotic flow or disconnected, half-formed thoughts and impressions in the characters mind140
5527339345Omniscient Narratora 3rd person narrator, referred to as "he," "she," or "they," who is able to see into each character's mind and understands all the action141
5047905740Preludean introductory poem to a longer work of verse142
5047908306Pulp fictionnovels written for mass consumption, often emphasizing exciting and titillating plots.143
5047915556Punthe usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings; a play on words144
5047918936Protagonistthe main character in a work, who may or may not be heroic145
5047935046QuatrainA poetic stanza of four lines146
5047937791Realismthe practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail.147
5047945405Refraina repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song148
5047949854RequiemA song of prayer for the dead149
5047952498Rising actionthe development of action in a work, usually at the beginning. The first part of plot structure150
5047955181Rhetorical questiona question that is asked simply for stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered. The question suggests the answer and works to engage the reader in a dialogue with the author151
5047966596Rhymethe repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines152
5047973640Rhythmthe modulation of weak and strong (stressed and unstressed) elements in the flow of speech153
5047975873SarcasmA form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually harshly or bitterly critical. For example, if a teacher says to a student who sneaks into class an hour late, "nice of you to join us today," the teacher is being sarcastic.154
5047987764SatireA literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure. This exposes common character flaws to the cold light of humor. In general, attempts to improve things by pointing out people's mistakes in the hope that once exposed, such behavior will become less common. The great satirical subjects are hypocrisy, vanity, and greed155
5048001195Scansionthe analysis of verse to show its meter156
5048002860Settingthe time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play.157
5048012861Shakespearean Sonnetalso called an English sonnet: a sonnet form that divides the poem into 3 units of 4 lines each and a final unit of two lines, usually abab cece efef gg158
5048016353Shaped Verseanother name for concrete poetry: poetry that is shaped to look like an object.159
5048019651Similea direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, usually using the words like or as to draw the connection. See also metaphor.160
5048023586Stanzaa group of lines in rough verse, roughly analogous in fiction to the paragraph in prose. Couplet- 2 lines; Tercet- 3 lines; Quatrian- 4 lines; Cinquain- 5; Sestet- 6; Septet-7; Octave-8161
5048031970StereotypeA characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that some one aspect, such as gender, age, ethnic or natural identity, religion, occupation, marital status, and so on, are predictable accompanied by certain character traits162
5048041287Stock characterone who appears in a number of stories or plays such as the cruel stepmother, the femme fatale, the drunk, the miser, etc.163
5048045754StructureThe organization of arrangement of the various elements in a work164
5048050111Stylea distinctive manner of expression; each author's style is expressed through his or her diction, rhythm, imagery, and so on. It is a writer's typical way of writing. Hemingway wrote primarily short, simple sentences while Joseph Conrad wrote long, rambling prose165
5048066635Summarya simple retelling of what you have just read. Cover content in general terms--a chapter, a book, a poem166
5048071917Suspension of disbeliefThe demand made of theater audience to accept the limitations of staging and supply the details with imagination. Also, the acceptance on an audience's or reader's par of the incidents of plot in a play or story.167
5048083021Symbolisma person, place, thing or event, or pattern in a literary work that designate itself and at the same time figuratively represents or stands for something esle168
5048090142Synecdochewhen a part is used to signify a whole.169
5048099939Syntaxthe way words are put together to form phrases clauses, and sentences. This is sentence structure, grammar patterns, and how that influences the way the reader receives a particular piece of writing170
5048104697ThemeA generalized abstract paraphrase of the inferred central or dominant idea or concern of a work; must be expressed in a sentence171
5048113072TragedyA drama in which a character (usually good and noble and of high rank) is brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force. Often, the protagonist's downfall is a direct result of a fatal flaw (Tragic flaw) in his or her character172
5048120215TropeThe generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor173
5048123853Truisma way-too-obvious truth174
5048126426Utopiaan idealized place. Imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity, and peace175
5048129599VerisimilitudeThe quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life, as it is176
5048133170Voicethe acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker, the persona177
5048136948ZeugmaThe use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. Example: He closed the door and his heart on his lost love178
6615868117carpe diemLatin phrase meaning "seize the day", or make the most of present opportunities179
6615870551characteran individual in a story or play180
6615873009conflicta struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces, or emotions181
6615877228contrasta literary technique in which the author examines two opposites to create an attitude, accomplish a purpose of effect, or to make an assertion182
6615882876descriptionusing vivid words to paint a picture of what the fie senses are experiencing183
6615885608dialogconversation between/among people184
6615885609didacticsomething written primarily to teach or instruct185
6615887871dilemmatype of conflict in which both choices have some negative connotations186
6615890435epigrama pithy saying187
6615892394figure of speechimaginative comparisons used by the author o convey tone, purpose, or effect188
6615894174form (in poetry)external pattern of the poem; continuous, stanzic, free verse, fixed, and blank189
6615901026heroic couplettwo consecutive lines of poetry that thyme and are written in iambic pentameter190
6615902712internal rhymerhyme that occurs within a line of poetry191
6615908790inverted orderreversing the normal subject-verb-complement order seen in a sentence192
6615911463mock-epica comic narrative poem that parodies the epic by treating a trivial subject in a lofty, grand manner193
6615924833modernisma period of literature in the early 1900s which experimented with new forms and treated life realistically194
6615928406materialismputting emphasis on worldly objects over less tangible values195
6615931873Naturalisma nineteenth-century literary movement that carried realism to negative extreme. Character outcomes are doomed by heredity and environment196
6615938357Neoclassicismthe revival of classical standards and forms during the 17th and 18th centuries197
6615940337pacingthe rate of movement of a story may be slower with the exposition or description, faster with dramatic incidence, etc.198
6615943087paradigma model, ideal, or standard199
6615945723pathetic fallacythe tendency to credit nature with human emotions; false emotionalism resulting in too impassioned description of nature; carrying over to inanimate objects the moods and passions of a human being200
6615953820plausibilityan element of literary judgment. Is the work believable?201
6615957249precisthe epitome or statement of the essential facts of a passage202
6615959110renaissancethe rebirth of learning which followed the Middle Ages203
6615961297repetitionthe use of repeated words or phrases for effect204
6615964262rhetoricthe art of speaking or writing205
6615965676romanticisma literary movement that emphasizes intuition, imagination, and emotion over reason206
6615968644sensory languagelanguage used to appeal to the senses207
6615972193sensory imagethe building of an image in the reader's mind through the use of sensory details208
6615975262soliloquya long speech made by a character in a play while he/she is alone on stage209
6615979219sonneta 14 line poem, usually written in iambic pentameter, that has one of several rhyme schemes210
6615982314terza rimaan interlocking three line stanza form with the rhyme scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.211
6615985788thesisan attitude or position taken by weriter or speaker with the purpose of proving or supporting it212
6615988676tonethe attitude a writer takes toward the reader, a subject, or a character213
6615990828Transcendetalisma 19th century movement in the Romantic tradition which believes that humans can rise above materialism through simplicity and communion with nature214
6615994317understatementa statement that says less than what it means, the opposite of exaggeration215
6615996751wita quality of writing that combines cleverness with keen perception, especially in the writer's ability to state things that the reader has thought but has not been able to express in words. A quality of writing that combines cleverness with keen perception, especially in the writer's ability to state things that the reader has though but has not been able to express in words216

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