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| 282308011 | William Pitt | The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. | |
| 282308012 | Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) | |
| 282308013 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | |
| 282308014 | Lord North | Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781. | |
| 282308015 | John Marshall | created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court | |
| 282308016 | John Adams | Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. | |
| 282308017 | Alexander Hamilton | Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States. | |
| 282308018 | Thomas Jefferson | A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality | |
| 282308019 | Benjamin Franklin | American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove. | |
| 282308020 | Frederick Jackson Turner | American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. | |
| 282308021 | Henry George | San Fransisco journalist published a provocative book in 1879 that was an instant best seller. It jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics. The book is called "Progress and Poverty" and proposes on putting a single tax on land as the solution to poverty. | |
| 282308022 | Radical Republicans | This party's primary social goal during Reconstruction was to extend equal rights to African-American freedmen and women | |
| 282308023 | Christopher Columbus | Started a permanent relationship between Europe and the Americas | |
| 282308024 | Roger Williams | A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants. | |
| 282308025 | Enlightenment Philosophers | Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire (pen name), Baron de Montesquieu, Jean Jaques Rousseau, Cesare Bonesana Beccaria, Mary Wollstonecraft. 5 major concepts thought about - Reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty | |
| 282308026 | Federalists | Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention. | |
| 282308027 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. ... Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state | |
| 282308028 | Jacksonian Democrats | they stood for the voting rights for white males, an increase in the number of elected offices around the country and the spread of the new spoils system; supported limited government | |
| 282308029 | Whigs | political party formed in 1832 in opposition to Andrew Jackson; led by Henry Clay, it opposed executive usurpation (a strong president) and advocated rechartering the National Bank, distributing western lands, raising the tariff, and funding internal improvements. It broke apart over the slavery issue in the early 1850s. | |
| 282308030 | Horace Mann | United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859) | |
| 282308031 | Dred Scott | United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state. His case led the Supreme court to declare the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional | |
| 282308032 | Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty | |
| 282308033 | Abraham Lincoln | One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Lawyer. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted much attention. Lincoln's attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election. |
