Terms : Hide Images
| 165149630 | ayllu | Andean lineage group or kin-based community | 0 | |
| 165149631 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. | 1 | |
| 165149632 | humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. | 2 | |
| 165149633 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. | 3 | |
| 165149634 | Il-Khan | A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia, controlled much of Iran and Iraq | 4 | |
| 165149635 | investiture | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 5 | |
| 165149636 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). | 6 | |
| 165149637 | quipu | System of knotted colored cords used by pre-literate Andean peoples to transmit information. | 7 | |
| 165149638 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. | 8 | |
| 165149639 | Kievan Russia | State established in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. | 9 | |
| 165149640 | Latin West | Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. | 10 | |
| 165149641 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia | 11 | |
| 165149642 | mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. | 12 | |
| 165149643 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 13 | |
| 165149644 | Ming | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. Emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He | 14 | |
| 165149645 | monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. | 15 | |
| 165149646 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head | 16 | |
| 165149647 | Rashid al-Din | Doctory, historian and adviser to the Il-khans, created some of the most concise writing on the Mongol Empire | 17 | |
| 165149648 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. | 18 | |
| 165149649 | shamanism | The practice of identifying special individuals who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia | 19 | |
| 165149650 | Srivijaya | A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes | 20 | |
| 165149651 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 21 | |
| 165149652 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 22 | |
| 165149653 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, maintained his empire. | 23 | |
| 165149654 | tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 24 | |
| 165149655 | Yi Kingdom | The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. | 25 | |
| 165149656 | Yuan | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. | 26 | |
| 165149657 | Hanseatic League | Alliance of trading cities that established and maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period (ie between the 13th and 17th century). | 27 | |
| 165149658 | Medicis | powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century, first achieved power through banking. They were instrumental in the development of Florence as the epicenter of Renaissance | 28 | |
| 165149659 | Abbasid | Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that replaced the Ummayyads, reaching its peak under Harun al-Rashid | 29 | |
| 165149660 | absolutism | political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example | 30 | |
| 165149661 | Abu Bakr | First caliph after the death of Muhammad | 31 | |
| 165149662 | Achaemenid empire | first great Persian empire (558-330 BCE), which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius | 32 | |
| 165149663 | Aeschylus | Greek tragedian, author of the Oresteia | 33 | |
| 165149664 | Age grades | Bantu institution in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age | 34 | |
| 165149665 | ahimsa | Jain term for the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls | 35 | |
| 165149666 | Ahmosis | Egyptian pharaoh c. 1500 BCE, founder of the New Kingdom | 36 | |
| 165149667 | Ahura Mazda | Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit. | 37 | |
| 165149668 | al-Andalus | Islamic Spain | 38 | |
| 165149669 | Allah | God of the monotheistic religion of Islam | 39 | |
| 165149670 | Ali'i nui | Hawai'ian class of high chiefs | 40 | |
| 165149671 | Amon-Re | Egyptian god, combination of the sun god Re and the air god Amon | 41 | |
| 165149672 | Angkor | Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around temple cities | 42 | |
| 165149673 | Anti-semitism | a prejudice against Jews, and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them | 43 | |
| 165149674 | Antonianism | African syncretic religion, founded by Dona Beatriz, that taught that Jesus Christ was a black African man and the heaven was for Africans | 44 | |
| 165149675 | Apartheid | South African system of "separateness" that was implemented in 1948 and that kept the black majority in a position of political, social, and economic subordination | 45 | |
| 165149676 | Appeasement | British and French policy in the 1930s that tried to maintain peace in Europe in the face of German aggression by making concessions | 46 | |
| 165149677 | Arianism | early Christian heresy that centered around teaching of Arius (250-336 CE) and contained the belief that Jesus was a mortal human being and not coeternal with God; was the focus of Council of Nicaea | 47 | |
| 165149678 | Artha | Hindu concept for the pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity | 48 | |
| 165149679 | Arthashastra | Ancient Indian political treatise from the time of Chandragupta Maurya; its authorship was traditionally ascribed to Kautalya, and it stressed that war was inevitable | 49 | |
| 165149680 | Aryans | Indo-European tribes who settled in India after 1500 BCE, their union with indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism | 50 | |
| 165149681 | ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) | Regional organization established in 1967 by Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines; the organization was designed to promote economic progress and political stability; it later became a free-trade zone | 51 | |
| 165149682 | Assyrians | Southwest Asian people who built and empire that reached it height during the eighth and seventh centuries BCE, it was known for a powerful army and a well-structured state | 52 | |
| 165149683 | Astrolabe | Navigational instrument for determining latitude | 53 | |
| 165149684 | Aten | monotheistic god of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (reigned 1353-1335 BCE) and a very early example of monotheism | 54 | |
| 165149685 | Audiencias | Spanish courts in Latin America | 55 | |
| 165149686 | Australopithecus | oldest known ancestor of humans, lived from around 40 million down to around one million years ago, walked on two legs | 56 | |
| 165149687 | Austronesians | People who as early as 2000 BCE began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Island basin | 57 | |
| 165149688 | Avesta | book that contains the holy writings of Zoroastianism | 58 | |
| 165149689 | Aztec Empire | Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reign of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. | 59 | |
| 165149690 | Axum | African kingdom centered in Ethiopia that became an early and lasting center of Coptic Christianity | 60 | |
| 165149691 | Balfour Declaration | Statement issued by Britain's foreign secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. | 61 | |
| 165149692 | Bantu | African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 2000 BCE they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; the Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically | 62 | |
| 165149693 | Bedouin | Nomadic Arabic tribespeople | 63 | |
| 165149694 | benefice | Grant froma lord to a vassal, usually consisting of land, which supported the vassal and signified the relationship between the two | 64 | |
| 165149695 | Berlin Conference | Meeting organized by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1884-1885 that provided the justification for European colonization of Africa | 65 | |
| 165149696 | Bhagavad Gita | "Song of the Lord," an Indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthly Mahabharata that was finished around 400 CE and that expressed basic Hindu concepts such as karma and dharma | 66 | |
| 165149697 | Bakti | Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam | 67 | |
| 165149698 | Black Hand | Pre-WWI secret Serbian nationalistic society; one of tis members, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand and provided the spark for the outbreak of the Great War | 68 | |
| 165149699 | Blitzkrieg | German style of rapid attack through the use of armor and air power that was used in Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France in 1939-1940 | 69 | |
| 165149700 | Boddhisatvas | Buddhist concept regarding individuals who had reached enlightenment but who stayed in this world to help others | 70 | |
| 165149701 | Bolshevik | Russian communist party headed by Lenin | 71 | |
| 165149702 | Bourgeoisie | Middle class in modern industrial society | 72 | |
| 165149703 | Boyars | Russian nobles | 73 | |
| 165149704 | Brahmins | Hindu caste of priests | 74 | |
| 165149705 | Brezhnev Doctrine | Policy developed by Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) that claimed for the Soviet union the right to invade any socalist country faced with internal or external enemies; the doctrine was best expressed in Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia | 75 | |
| 165149706 | Buddha | The "enlightened one," the term applied to Siddhartha Gautama. | 76 | |
| 165149707 | Buddhism | Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE), its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana | 77 | |
| 165149708 | Bunraku | Japanese puppet theater | 78 | |
| 165149709 | Bushido | The "way of the warrior," the code of conduct of the Japanese samurai that was based on loyalty and honor | 79 | |
| 165149710 | Byzantine Empire | Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the moderna ge; it reached its peak during the reign of Justinian (483-565) | 80 | |
| 165149711 | Caesaropapism | concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emporers, that was central to the church vs. state controversy in medieval Europe | 81 | |
| 165149712 | Cahokia | Large structure in modern Illinois that was constructed by the mound-building peoples; it was the third largest structure in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans | 82 | |
| 165149713 | Caliph | "deputy," Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad | 83 | |
| 165149714 | Capetian | Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet | 84 | |
| 165149715 | Capitalism | An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market | 85 | |
| 165149716 | Capitulations | Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the 19th century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans | 86 | |
| 165149717 | Carolingians | Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous leader, Charlemagne | 87 | |
| 165149718 | Carthage | North African kingdom, main rival to early Roman expansion, that was defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars | 88 | |
| 165149719 | Catal Huyuk | Important Neolithic settlement in Anatolia (7250-6150 BCE) | 89 | |
| 165149720 | Cathars | Medievale heretics, also known as the Albigensians, who considered the material world evil; their followersr renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence | 90 | |
| 165149721 | Catholic Reformation | 16th century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits | 91 | |
| 165149722 | Caudillos | Latin American term for local military leaders in the 1800s | 92 | |
| 165149723 | Central Powers | The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire | 93 | |
| 165149724 | Chaghatai | One of Genghis Khan's sons, whose descendants ruled Central Asia through a khanate with his name | 94 | |
| 165149725 | Zen Buddhism (Chan Buddhism) | Most popular branch of Buddhism in China, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study | 95 | |
| 165149726 | Chanchan | Capital of the pre-Incan, South American Chimu society that supported a large population of fifty thousand | 96 | |
| 165149727 | Chavin cult | Mysterious but very popular South American religion (1000-300 BCE) | 97 | |
| 165149728 | Chimu | Pre-Incan South American society that fell to Incas in the 15th century | 98 | |
| 165149729 | Chinampas | agricultural gardens used by Mexica (Aztecs) in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged and built up into small plots | 99 | |
| 165149730 | Chivalry | European medieval code of conduct for knights based on loyalty and honor | 100 | |
| 165149731 | Chola | Southern Indian Hindu kingdom (850-1267), a tightly centralized state that dominated sea trade | 101 | |
| 165149732 | Hinduism | main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit, its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara | 102 | |
| 165149733 | Holocaust | German attempt in World War II to exterminate the Jews of Europe | 103 | |
| 165149734 | Home front | The name given to the part of war that was not actively involved in the fighting but which was vital to it. | 104 | |
| 165149735 | Hominid | primate that walks upright, has opposable thumbs, and possesses a large brain; only living members are humans | 105 | |
| 165149736 | Homo erectus | Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". | 106 | |
| 165149737 | Homo sapiens | A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools. | 107 | |
| 165149738 | Homo sapiens sapiens | the newest human breed, originating c. 120,000 years ago, of which all humans in the world today are descendants | 108 | |
| 165149739 | Hundred Days of Reform | A series of reforming edicts and laws in China. Empress Cixi used support from Manchu officials and soldiers (that had been threatened) to lock up the emperor and get rid of reformers | 109 | |
| 165149740 | Huitzilopochti | Sun god and patron deity of the Aztecs | 110 | |
| 165149741 | Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. | 111 | |
| 165149742 | Chucuito | Pre-Incan South American society that rose in the twelfth century and fell to the Incas in the fifteenth century. | 112 | |
| 165149743 | City-state | urban areas that controlled surrounding agricultural regions and that were often loosely connected in a broader political structure with others. | 113 | |
| 165149744 | Cohong | specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation | 114 | |
| 165149745 | collectivization | process beginning in the late 1920s by which Stalin forced the Russian peasants off their own land and onto huge farms run by the state; millions died in the process | 115 | |
| 165149746 | COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) | the Soviet alternative to the U.S.'s Marshall Plan; offered increased trade within the Soviet Union and eastern Europe | 116 | |
| 165149747 | Communalism | a term, usually associated with India, that placed an emphasis on religious rather than national identity. | 117 | |
| 165149748 | Communism | Philosophy and movement that began in middle of the 19th century with the work of Karl Marx; it has the same general goals as socialsim, but it includes the belief that violent revolution is necessary. | 118 | |
| 165149749 | Confuciansim | Philosophy that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity | 119 | |
| 165149750 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting in 1815 of the victorious powers (England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) in order to determine the settlement of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon; established a system of international diplomacy for the 19th century and beyond | 120 | |
| 165149751 | Conquistadores | Spanish adventurers like Cortes and Pizarro who conquered Central and South America in the 1500s | 121 | |
| 165149752 | Constitutionalism | movement in England in the 1600s that placed power in the hands of Parliament as part of a constitutional monarchy and that increasingly limited the power of the monarch; highlighted by the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution | 122 | |
| 165149753 | Containment | Concept associated with the U.S. and specifically with the Truman Doctrine during the cold war that revolved around the notion that the U.S. would contain the spread of communism | 123 | |
| 165149754 | corporation | private businesses owned by thousands of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks; a concept that reached mature form in the 1860s in England and France. | 124 | |
| 165149755 | Corpus iuris civilis | "Body of the Civil Law', the Byzantine emporer Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law | 125 | |
| 165149756 | Criollos | Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry | 126 | |
| 165149757 | Cro-Magnon | Homo sapiens sapiens, who appeared 40 thousand years ado during the Paleolithic age and were the first human beings of the modern type. | 127 | |
| 165149758 | Cross staff | device that sailors used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon | 128 | |
| 165149759 | cuneiform | written language of the Sumerians, probably the first written script in the world | 129 | |
| 165149760 | Daimyo | Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan | 130 | |
| 165149761 | Dao | Key element in Chinese philosophy that means the "way of nature" or the "way of the cosmos" | 131 | |
| 165149762 | Daodejing | book that is the fundamental work of Daoism | 132 | |
| 165149763 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of non-competition | 133 | |
| 165149764 | Dar al-Islam | the "house of Islam', a term for the Islamic world | 134 | |
| 165149765 | Declaration of Independence | Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776; the document expressed the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment, represented the idealism of the American rebels, and influenced other revolutions | 135 | |
| 165149766 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Document from the French Revolution (1789) that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary movements | 136 | |
| 165149767 | Decolonization | process by which former colonies achieved their independence, as with the newly emerging Afircan nations in the 1950s and 60s | 137 | |
| 165149768 | Deism | an Elightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; the universe was an orderly realm maintained by natural and rational laws | 138 | |
| 165149769 | Descamisados | "shirtless ones," Argentine poor who supported Juan and Eva Peron | 139 | |
| 165149770 | Detente | a reduction in cold war tension between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. from 1969 to 1973 | 140 | |
| 165149771 | Devshirme | Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide young boys to be slaves of the sultan | 141 | |
| 165149772 | Dharma | Hindu concept of obedience to religius and moral laws and order | 142 | |
| 165149773 | Dhimmi | Islamic concept of a protected people that was symbolic of Islamic toleration during the Mughal and Ottoman empires. | 143 | |
| 165149774 | Diaspora | People who have settled far from their original homeland but who still share some measure of ethnic identity | 144 | |
| 165149775 | Dionysus | Greek god of wine, also known as Bacchus; Greek plays were performed in his honor. | 145 | |
| 165149776 | Dravidians | People who produced the brilliant Harappan society in India, 3000-1500 BCE | 146 | |
| 165149777 | Dreadnoughts | A class of British battleships whose heavy armaments made all other battleships obsolete overnight | 147 | |
| 165149778 | Duma | Russian parliaments, established after the Revolution of 1905 | 148 | |
| 165149779 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it. | 149 | |
| 165149780 | Dutch learning | European knowledge that reached Tokugawa Japan | 150 | |
| 165149781 | British East India Company | British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. | 151 | |
| 165149782 | Eight-legged essay | 8-part essays that an aspiring Chinese civil servant had to compose, mainly based on a knowledge of Confucius and the Zhou classics | 152 | |
| 165149783 | Encomienda | System that gave the Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields. | 153 | |
| 165149784 | Engenho | Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar | 154 | |
| 165149785 | Enlightenment | 18th century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution | 155 | |
| 165149786 | Epicureans | Hellenistic philosophers who taught that pleasure-as in quiet satisfaction- was the greatest good. | 156 | |
| 165149787 | Equal-field system | Chinese system during the Han dynasty in which the goal was to ensure an equitable distribution of land. | 157 | |
| 165149788 | Essenes | Jewish sect that looked for the arrival of a savior; they were similar in some of their core beliefs to the early Christians | 158 | |
| 165149789 | Etruscans | Northern Italian society that initially dominated the Romans; the Etruscans helped convey Greek concepts to the expanding Romans | 159 | |
| 165149790 | Eunuchs | Castrated males, originally in charge of the harem, who grew to play major roles in governement because they could not start a family; were common in China and other societies | 160 | |
| 165149791 | European Community (EC) | Organization of European states established in 1957; it promoted economic growth and integration as the basis for a politically united Europe. | 161 | |
| 165149792 | European Union (EU) | established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, a supranational organization for even greater European economic and political integration. | 162 | |
| 165149793 | Fascism | Political ideology and mass movement that was prominent in many parts of Euopre between 1919 and 1945; it sought to regenerate the social, political, and cultural life of societies, especially in contrast to liberal democracy and socialism | 163 | |
| 165149794 | Five Pillars | the foundation of Islam: profession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, alms, and pilgrimage, or hajj. | 164 | |
| 165149795 | Five-year plans | first implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union in 1928; became a staple of communist regimes in which every aspect of production was determined; the opposite of the free-market concept. | 165 | |
| 165149796 | Four Noble Truths | the foundation of Buddhist thought: life is pain, pain is caused by desire, elimination of deisre will bring an end to pain, living a life based on the Noble Eightfold Path will eliminate desire | 166 | |
| 165149797 | Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) | the Algerian organization that fought a bloody guerilla war for freedom against France | 167 | |
| 165149798 | Fulani | Sub-Saharan African people who, beginning in the 17th century, began a series of wars designed to impose their own strict interpretation of Islam | 168 | |
| 165149799 | Gathas | Zoroastrian works believed to be compositions of Zarathusta | 169 | |
| 165149800 | Gauchos | Argentine cowboys, highly romanticized figures | 170 | |
| 165149801 | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) | Free trade agreement first signed in 1947; by 1994 it had grown to 123 members and formed the World Trade Organization (WTO) | 171 | |
| 165149802 | Ghaznavids | Turkish tribe under Mahmud of Ghazni who moved into northern India in the 1000s and began a period of greater Islamic influence in India | 172 | |
| 165149803 | Ghazi | Islamic religious warrior | 173 | |
| 165149804 | Gilgamesh | Legendary king og the Mesopotamian city-state of Uruk (ca. 3000 BCE), subject of the world's oldest complete epic literary masterpiece | 174 | |
| 165149805 | Glasnost | Russian term meaning "openness,' ntroduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 to describe the process of opening Soviet society to dissidents and criticism | 175 | |
| 165149806 | Golden Horde | Mongol tribe that controlled Russia from the 1200s to the 1400s. | 176 | |
| 165149807 | Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | Japanese plan for consolidating east and southeast Asia under their control during WWII | 177 | |
| 165149808 | Great Game | 19th century competition between Great Britain and Russia for the control of Central Asia | 178 | |
| 165149809 | Great Zimbabwe | Large sub-Saharan African kingdom in the 1400s | 179 | |
| 165149810 | Guomindang (Kuomintang) | Chinese nationalist party founded by Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) and later by Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai-shek); it has been centered in Taiwan since the end of the Chinese civil war | 180 | |
| 165149811 | Gupta | Indian dynasty (320-550 CE) that briefly reunited India after the collapse of the earlier Mauryan dynasty | 181 | |
| 165149812 | hacienda | large Latin American estate | 182 | |
| 165149813 | Hagia Sophia | Greek Orthodox temple constructed by the Byzantine emporer Justinian and later converted into a mosque during the Ottoman Empire | 183 | |
| 165149814 | Hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca | 184 | |
| 165149815 | Hammurabi's Code | sophisticated law code associated with the Babylonian king Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 BCE) | 185 | |
| 165149816 | Harappan | early brilliant Indian society centered around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | 186 | |
| 165149817 | Harijans | "children of God," Gandhi's terms for the untouchables | 187 | |
| 165149818 | Hebrews | Semitic-speaking nomadic tribe influential for monotheistic belief in Yahweh | 188 | |
| 165149819 | Heian | Japanese period (794-1185), a brilliant cultural era notable for the world's first novel, Murasaki Shikibu's "The Tale of Genji" | 189 | |
| 165149820 | Hellenic Era | phase in Greek history (800-328 BCE), which was highlighted by the Golden Age of Athens in the 400s BCE | 190 | |
| 165149821 | Hellenistic Era | phase in Greek history (328-146 BCE), from the conquest of Greece by Philip o' Macedon until Greece's fall to the Romans, this era was a more cosmopolitan age facilitated by the conquests of Alexander the Great | 191 | |
| 165149822 | Hijra | Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, which is the beginning point of the Islamic calendar and is considered to mark the beginning of the Islamic faith | 192 | |
| 165149823 | Hinayana | branch of Buddhism known as the "lesser vehicle," aka Theravada Buddhism; its beliefs include a strict, individual path to enlightenment, and it is popular in south and southeast Asia | 193 | |
| 165149824 | Hyksos | invaders who seized the Nile delta and helped bring an end to the Middle Kingdom | 194 | |
| 165149825 | Iconoclasts | Supporters of the movement, begun by the Byzantine Emporer Leo III (r. 717-741), to destroy religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful | 195 | |
| 165149826 | Imperialism | term associated with the expansion of European powers and their conquest and colonization of African and Asian societies, mainly from the 1500s through the 1800s. | 196 | |
| 165149827 | Angra Mainyu | evil god in Zoroastrianism, main enemy of the good of goodness | 197 | |
| 165149828 | Inca Empire | Powerful South American empire that would reach its peak in the 1400s. | 198 | |
| 165149829 | Indo-Europeans | series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millenia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe | 199 | |
| 165149830 | Indra | Early Indian god associated with the Aryans; the king of the gods, associated with warfare and thunderbolts. | 200 | |
| 165149831 | Iroquois | Eastern American Indian confederation made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes | 201 | |
| 165149832 | Jainism | Indian religion associated with Vardhamana Mahavira (54-468 BCE), believed in nonviolence because every physical object possesses a soul. | 202 | |
| 165149833 | Jati | subcaste | 203 | |
| 165149834 | Jizya | head tax in Islamic empires that was imposed on non-Muslims. | 204 | |
| 165149835 | joint-stock companies | early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk. | 205 | |
| 165149836 | ka'ba | main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj. | 206 | |
| 165149837 | kabuki | japanese theater in which actors were free to improvise and embellish the words. | 207 | |
| 165149838 | kama | Hindu concept of the enjoyment of physical and sexual pleasure. | 208 | |
| 165149839 | kamikaze | "divine wind," related to storms that destroyed Mongol invasion fleets; symbolic of Japanese isolation and later taken by suicide pilots in WWII. | 209 | |
| 165149840 | Kanun | laws issued by the Ottoman Suleyman the Magnificent. | 210 | |
| 165149841 | Kapu | Hawaiian concept of something being taboo. | 211 | |
| 165149842 | Karma | hindu concept that the sum of good and bad in a person's life will determine his or her status in the next life. | 212 | |
| 165149843 | Khoikhoi | South African people referred to pejoratively as the Hottentots in Europe. | 213 | |
| 165149844 | Kongo | Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; their kings converted to Christianity but the still suffered from the slave trade. | 214 | |
| 165149845 | Koumbi-Saleh | Important trading city along the trans-Saharan trade route from the 100s to the 1200s. | 215 | |
| 165149846 | Kshatriyas | Hindu caste of warriors and aristocrats. | 216 | |
| 165149847 | Kulaks | land-owning Russian peasants who benefited under Lenin's New Economic Policy and suffered under Stalin's forced collectivization. | 217 | |
| 165149848 | Kush | Nubian African kingdom that conquered and controlled Egypt from 750-664 BCE | 218 | |
| 165149849 | Lamaist Buddhism | branch of Buddhism that is similar to shamanism in its acceptance of magic and supernatural powers. | 219 | |
| 165149850 | La Reforma | political reform movement of Mexican president Benito Juarez (1806-1872) that called for limiting the power of the military and the Catholic church in Mexican society. | 220 | |
| 165149851 | Latifundia | huge state-run and slave-worked farms in ancient Rome | 221 | |
| 165149852 | League of Nations | Forerunner of the UN, the dream of Woodrow Wilson, although its potential was severely limited by the refusal of the US to join. | 222 | |
| 165149853 | Lebensraum | "living space," associated with Hitler and his goal of carving out territory in the east for an expanding Germany. | 223 | |
| 165149854 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people. | 224 | |
| 165149855 | Levee en Masse | A term signifying universal conscription during the radical phase of the French revolution. | 225 | |
| 165149856 | Lex talionis | "law of retaliation," laws in which offenders suffered punishments similar to their crimes; the most famous example is Hammurabi's laws. | 226 | |
| 165149857 | Li | confucian concept, a sense of propriety. | 227 | |
| 165149858 | Linear A | Minoan written script. | 228 | |
| 165149859 | Linear B | Early Mycenaean written script. | 229 | |
| 165149860 | Luddites | Eary 1800s artisans who were opposed to new machinery and industrialization. | 230 | |
| 165149861 | Machismo | Latin American social ethic that honored male strength, courage, aggressiveness, assertiveness, and cunning. | 231 | |
| 165149862 | Madrasas | Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the 900s. | 232 | |
| 165149863 | Magyars | Hungarian Invaders who raided towns in Germany, Italy, and Fracne in the 800s and 900s. | 233 | |
| 165149864 | Mahabharata | Massive ancient Indian epic that was developed orally for centuries; it tells of an epic civil war between two family branches. | 234 | |
| 165149865 | Mahayana | "greater vehicle," a more metaphysical and more popular northern branch of Buddhism. | 235 | |
| 165149866 | Majapahit | SE Asian kingdom (1293-1520) centered on the island of Java. | 236 | |
| 165149867 | Mali | West African kingdom founed in the 1200s by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa. | 237 | |
| 165149868 | Manchus | Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dyansty and founding the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). | 238 | |
| 165149869 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese belief that the emporers ruled through the approval of heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population. | 239 | |
| 165149870 | Mandate system | System that developed in the wake of WWI when the former colonies ended up mandates under European control, a thinly veiled attempt at continuing imperialism. | 240 | |
| 165149871 | Manichaeism | Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the 200s CE, a syncretic version of Zoroastrianism, Christian, and Buddhist elements. | 241 | |
| 165149872 | Manors | large estates of the nobles during the European middle ages, home for the majority of the peasants. | 242 | |
| 165149873 | Maori | Indigenous people of New Zealand. | 243 | |
| 165149874 | Marathon | Battlefield scene of the Athenian victory over the Persians in 490 BCE. | 244 | |
| 165149875 | Marae | Polynesian temple structure. | 245 | |
| 165149876 | Maroons | runaway African slaves | 246 | |
| 165149877 | Marshall Plan | U.S. plan that offered financial and other economic aid to all European states that had suffered from WWII, including Soviet bloc states. | 247 | |
| 165149878 | Mauryan Empire | Indian dynasty (321-185 BCE) founded by Chandragupta Maurya and reaching its peak under Ashoka. | 248 | |
| 165149879 | Maya | brilliant Central American society (300-1100) known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language. | 249 |
