Terms : Hide Images
| 9929314693 | Core-Periphery Model | a model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region | 0 | |
| 9929314694 | Peters Projection | map projection where area is correct, but shape is distorted | 1 | |
| 9929314695 | Mercator Projection | map projection where direction is accurate, but area is distorted on rectangular grid | 2 | |
| 9929314696 | Fuller Projection | map projection where it maintains shape and area but loses direction | 3 | |
| 9929314697 | Goodes-Homosline Projection | map projection where it maintains area but divides oceans which distorts distance | 4 | |
| 9929314698 | Robinson Projection | map projection where it equally distorts all four aspects | 5 | |
| 9929314699 | Scale | which means there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance on Earth | 6 | |
| 9929314700 | Isoline Map | map line that connects points of equal or very similar values | 7 | |
| 9929314701 | Cartogram | The size of a location is based on a particular defined characteristic. Distortion is evident. | 8 | |
| 9929314702 | Dot density map | a map type that uses a dot symbol to show the presence of a feature | 9 | |
| 9929314703 | Proportional symbol map | Map that uses some symbol to display the frequency of a variable. The larger the symbol on the map, the higher the frequency of the variable found in that region | 10 | |
| 9929314704 | Chloropleth map | Map that uses colors to represent the frequency of a certain feature | 11 | |
| 9929314705 | Malthus Population Catastrophe | English Economist (1766- 1883) who had a theory that eventually the population growth would grow faster than it could be sustained ; didn't consider the idea of possibilism; referred to natural disasters as population checks - Without Natural disasters 2 methods to reduce BR - Economic Approach: stronger the economy lower the birth rate due to social choice and education - Contraceptive Approach: more preventive knowledge the lower the birth rate | 12 | |
| 9929314706 | Neo-Malthusians | Accept the basic tenets of Malthus' theories; more focus on regional growth; focus on food, environmental resources like land and fuel | 13 | |
| 9929314707 | Boserup's Hypothesis of Population (anti-Malthusian) | Believe that resources aren't becoming scarcer as price of resources hasn't risen. (Long term studies have shown that prices of natural resources have declined over time.) Believes Entrepenuers and innovators find new resources or new way of getting current resources cheaper. | 14 | |
| 9929314708 | Population pyramid components | consists of the age, gender, and birth years. the years are done in increments of 5. The bar graph shows the number of people in each age range. | 15 | |
| 9929314709 | Population pyramid example shapes | TRIANGLE - fast growing EXTENDED TRIANGLE - moderate growth COLUMN - slow growth REDUCED PENTAGON - shrinking | 16 | |
| 9929314710 | Demographic Transition Model (DTM) | process of change in a society's population, when CBR goes up and CDR goes up then the RNI goes down, and when the CBR and CDR goes down the RNI goes up. | 17 | |
| 9929314711 | DTM visual | 4 stages of the DTM |  | 18 |
| 9929314712 | Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM) | focuses on causes of death in each stage of DTM stage 1.) Pestilence and famine i.e. black plague 2.) Epidemic and contagious diseases-- death rate stays higher in poorer areas i.e. Cholera in the 19th Century 3.) Degenerative and man-made diseases i.e. Cardiovascular disease and cancer 4.) Degenerative and man made diseases with an expanded lifespan due to medical advancements 5.) possible reemergence of infectious diseases i.e. antibiotic resistances | 19 | |
| 9929314749 | ETM visual |  | 20 | |
| 9929314713 | Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction | A fraction that predicts the interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them (Population 1 x Population 2 ÷ Distance) | 21 | |
| 9929314714 | Ravenstein's Laws of Migration | man who created the laws of migration such as distance decay and the gravity model 1) Net Migration amounts to only a fraction of the gross migration between 2 places 2)The majority of migrants move short distances 3)Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations 4) Urban residents are less migratory than people in rural areas 5)Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults | 22 | |
| 9929314715 | Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition (MTM) | migration patterns based on the Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 may have season or cyclic movement, but not migration Stage 2 will see the most migration People moving from farms to cities People moving internationally (from Stage 2 to Stage 3 and 4 nations) Stage 3 and 4 is made up of internal migration (within a nation) - Suburbanization - Counterurbanization | 23 | |
| 9929314716 | MTM visual | 4 stages |  | 24 |
| 9929314717 | Indo-European Language | largest language family | 25 | |
| 9929314718 | I-E Language Diffusion Theories (Agriculture, Conquest) | AGRICULTURAL - theory that explains how Proto-Indo-European languages diffused into Europe. Said it occurred through the diffusion of agriculture. CONQUEST - One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European language diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues. | 26 | |
| 9929314719 | Domino Theory | the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control | 27 | |
| 9929314720 | Heartland Theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world | 28 | |
| 9929314721 | Rimland Theory | Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest | 29 | |
| 9929314722 | Rank Size Rule | A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. | 30 | |
| 9929314723 | World Systems Theory (Wallerstein) | theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three- tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world | 31 | |
| 9929314750 | World Systems theory visual |  | 32 | |
| 9929314724 | Von Thünen's Agricultural Model | Developed by German geographer Johann Heinrich von Thunen, this model explains and predicts agricultural land use patterns in a theoretical state by varying transportation cost. Given the model's assumptions, the pattern that emerges predicts more-intensive rural land uses closer to the marketplace, and more-extensive rural land uses farther from the city's marketplace. These rural land use zones are divided in the model into concentric rings. | 33 | |
| 9929314751 | Von Thünen's visual |  | 34 | |
| 9929314725 | First Agricultural Revolution | Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication | 35 | |
| 9929314726 | Second Agricultural Revolution | dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce | 36 | |
| 9929314727 | Third Agricultural Revolution | Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) | 37 | |
| 9929314728 | Liberal Models of Development (self-sufficiency / international trade) | -developed by Walter Rostow -all countries are capable of development -poor economic conditions are the result of inefficiancy in the short-term -key to development is the creation of a self-sufficient system and from their making advantageous international trade systems | 38 | |
| 9929314729 | Structuralist Model of Development (dependency theory) | A general term for models of economic development that treat economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system. | 39 | |
| 9929314730 | New International Division of Labor | Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries. | 40 | |
| 9929314731 | Rostow's Stages of Growth (Modernization Model) | model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption THE FIVE STAGES ARE -stage one -----The traditional society ----------mostly subsistent agriculture ----------activities that don't help with development such as military and religion -stage 2 -----Pre-Conditions for take-off: Initial Investment -----------limited few ivest in tech. and infreastructure, transportation, water supply, dams (irrigation) -stage 3 -----Take-Off: Initial Success -----------Limited # of industries become succeessful and competitive globally. Generally, textiles and food production. -----------Remainder of economy is still traditional. -stage 4 -----Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses -----------Technology expands to many other businesses=> rapid growth -----------Labor becomes more skilled and educated -stage 5 -----Age of Mass Production: Shift to Consumer good production ----------Economy shifts from heavy indusrty in steel, energy to consumer goods (i.e. cars, fridges) | 41 | |
| 9929314732 | Fordism | form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. | 42 | |
| 9929314733 | Post-Fordism | adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to team that perform a variety of tasks. | 43 | |
| 9929314734 | Location Interdependence Theory (Hotelling) | dealt with locational interdependence; the location of industries can't be understood without reference to the location of other industries of like kind. ex: two similar vendors would locate next to each other in the middle of a market area to maximize profit | 44 | |
| 9929314735 | Weber Model of Industrial Location (Least Cost Theory) | Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration. | 45 | |
| 9929314752 | least cost theory visual |  | 46 | |
| 9929314736 | Profit Maximization (Losch's Zone of Maximization) | General Theory: -the best location for an industry is where the profit is the greatest Assumptions: -all areas are geographically identical -populations are identical in size and preference -consumers pay for transportation | 47 | |
| 9929314737 | Bid-Rent Theory (Land Rent) | -the price and demand for business real estate depends upon the distance of the real estate from the CBD -as distance increases, profitability decreases; therefore, the demand and price for real estate follow an inverse relationship to distance from CBD -the trend does not extent to residential real estate (inner city usually poorest, suburbs more affluent) | 48 | |
| 9929314753 | bid rent visual |  | 49 | |
| 9929314738 | Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution | -American urbanization can be divided into 5 unique periods which are characterized by a transportation technology that influenced urban creation and growth Five Epochs: -1790 to 1830: wagons, boats -1830 to 1870: regional railroads, steamboats -1870 to 1920: national, long-distance railroads -1920 to 1970: automobilies, airplanes -1970 to ?: satellites, electronics, jets (less about movement of people or things but rather ideas) | 50 | |
| 9929314739 | Central Place Theory (Christaller) | -a predictor of how the urban hierarchy is functionally and spatially distributed Assumptions: -uniformity in physical surface, transportation, and economic power -a good or service can be spread in all directions up to a designated distance | 51 | |
| 9929314754 | Central Place Theory visual |  | 52 | |
| 9929314740 | Concentric Circle (Burgess) | - a model of a city's functional zones composed of a CBD center and circles gradually increasing - analogous to a bull's eye - 1st circle/center: CBD where the majority of formal economic activities take place (service, finance, manufacturing) - 2nd circle: transition area between increasing business and declining residences - 3rd and 4th circles: increasingly affluent residential areas - 5th circle: surbanization with commutes into the city | 53 | |
| 9929314755 | Concentric model visual |  | 54 | |
| 9929314741 | Sector Model (Hoyt) | - a model of a city's functional zones composed of a CBD center and sectors extending outward -analogous to pie slices -3 different residential sector: low, moderate, and high cost -educational and recreation sector (located within higher residential areas) -transportation and industrial sectors | 55 | |
| 9929314756 | Sector Model visual |  | 56 | |
| 9929314742 | Peripheral Model | -metropolitian model with a inner city surrounded by surburbs and business areas -the inner city serves as the center of the metropolitian region -urban sprawl and economic development creates surburbanization (residential and buisness) on the periphery of the inner city -the city and peripheral subsidaries are all interconnected by a transportation system so as to create one functional region | 57 | |
| 9929314757 | Peripheral model visual |  | 58 | |
| 9929314743 | Multiple-Nuclei Model | -the CBD is losing dominance in the organization of cities and other sectors are becoming nuclei of their own -lack of organization around a CBD -economic sectors (types of manufacturing, finance, etc.) are becoming their own nuclei -around the numerous nuclei are clusters of residential sectors with the level of residency corresponding to the type of nuclei | 59 | |
| 9929314758 | multiple nuclei visual |  | 60 | |
| 9929314744 | Urban Realms Model | -super cities are formed by a main urban center with independent surburban realms that are interconnected into one functional zone -a central urban center -each of the realms is independent (politically, economically) with some type of distinguishing feature but stays within the context of the central city -the city and the realms are connected by transportation and are one functional unit | 61 | |
| 9929314759 | Urban Realms visual |  | 62 | |
| 9929314745 | Latin American Cities Model | -modern form of Griffen-Ford model to explain combination of Latin American heritage and globalization -1st Circle/Center: split between CBD (global) and market (local) -Three Sectors Extending from Center to Periphery: ~Industrial ~Commerical Mall with adjacent elite residency ~Disamenity (poor, criminal squatter settlement) -2nd Circle: mix of mature infrastructure and gentrification for upper-middle class -3rd Circle: modest housing termed "in situ accretion" -4th Circle: middle class housing limited to near commerical sector while majority is periferico, or surrounding squatter settlements | 63 | |
| 9929314746 | SE Asian Cities Model | - modern SE Asian city based on McGee Model that shows mixing of preexisting colonial structures and new economic developments -Center/Stem: port zone created by colonial powers and links local economy to global economy -Sector: a government sector extends outward and incorporates elite housing -1st Circle: mixed land use that includes portions that are solely Western commerical areas or foreign commerical areas (showing the influtration of global economic forces in SE Asia) -2nd Circle: moderate residential zone -3rd Circle: new residential development that includes suburbs and squatter settlements -4th Circle: small scale agriculture for market commerce -Periphery: industrial estates | 64 | |
| 9929314760 | SE Asian Cities Model Visual |  | 65 | |
| 9929314747 | African Cities Model | -modern African city that reflects urbanization with the great influence of colonial powers -1st Circle/Center: combination of colonial CBD (global), traditional CBD (local working in global), and market (local) -2nd Circle: ethnic and mixed ethnic residential areas(not as much stratification based on wealth) -3rd Circle: continuation of residencies but primarily industry in the forms of mining and manufacturing -4th Circle: informal satellite settlements from the unchecked immigration influx | 66 | |
| 9929314761 | African Cities Model visual |  | 67 |
