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| 9618361253 | What does DNA make? | RNA | 0 | |
| 9618361254 | What does RNA make? | proteins | 1 | |
| 9618375240 | What type of polymers or DNA and RNA? | Nucleotides | 2 | |
| 9618383892 | How does DNA create an organism? | DNA-->RNA--> proteins/enzymes-->traits, metabolism, homeostasis | 3 | |
| 9618401833 | What is each monomer of the nucleotide made of? | Nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate | 4 | |
| 9618412125 | What are the three forms of RNA involved in protein synthesis and their function | mRNA-provides instructions to create proteins, uses codons tRNA-delivers amino acids to the ribosome to create peptide chain rRNA-combines with proteins to create ribosomes | 5 | |
| 9618439012 | What is the RNA are involved in RNA processing | snRNA (snRNP's)-form to make small ribonuclear proteins and process NRA before they leave the nucleous | 6 | |
| 9618458659 | What two types of RNA are involved in regulating gene expression? | miRNA-blocks are degrades mRNA siRNA- blocks or degrades mRNA | 7 | |
| 9618504472 | What are 4 important experiments that lead to identification of DNA? | Griffith-discovered genetic info can be transferred from dead bacteria to living bacteria Avery,Macleod,and McCarty-discovered DNA is heredity information Hershey and Chase- DNA as genetic material of phages (viruses that infect bacteria) -radiated sulfer to determine if DNA or protein caused expression. sulfer is in amino acids but not in DNA. they then radiated phosphorous, and the phosphorous was in the bacteria (phosphorous is in DNA) -Watson, crick, wilkin, and franklin- found the structure of DNA | 8 | |
| 9618532313 | What is transformation? | Ability of bacteria to absorb and express genetic information obtained from other bacteria/organism | 9 | |
| 9618646887 | What does semiconservative replication mean? | Each new strand has one strand of the old DNA and a new strand | 10 | |
| 9618666325 | What is the first step in replication? | Helicase unwinds Single strand binding proteins attach to keep the two strands separated Topoisomerases-unwind the DNA to prevent knots | 11 | |
| 9618713634 | What is the second step in replication? | DNA polymerase assembles new proteins Moves in the 3'-->5' direction a new strand is created that goes 5'-->3' (the leading strand) |  | 12 |
| 9618785391 | What happens to the 5'-->3' end | DNA polymerase can only assemble nucleotides in the 3'-->5' direction DNA polymerase moves away from the replication fork and attaches only short segments, called Okazaki fragments DNA polymerase then returns back to the replication fork and moves backwards again Okazaki fragments are attached by DNA Ligase -This requires more time to assemble so it's called the lagging strand | 13 | |
| 9618845588 | When enzyme is needed to begin replication? | primase- DNA primer- it has to start the leading strand and has to start each Okazaki fragments Once the primer is added, DNA polymerase can begin attaching nucleotides | 14 | |
| 9618872775 | What are the 7 steps in DNA replication | 1. Helicase unwinds DNA making a replication fork. Single strand binding proteins prevent strands reattaching, Topoisomerase removes twists and knots 2. Primase attaches RNA primers 3. DNA Polymerase attaches and creates new strand 4.leading complimentary strand is assembled continuously 5.Lagging complementary strand is assembled in small Okazaki fragments 6. DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments 7. RNA primers are replaced with DNA nucleotides | 15 | |
| 9618976816 | How is DNA replication different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | 1. Chromosomes structure- prokaryotes have circular dna, eukaryotes have linear dna and tolomeres on the ends 2. Origin of replication- Prokaryotes have one origin of replication, Eukaryotes have multiple points due to a larger size | 16 | |
| 9619046709 | What is telomeres? | They are added to the end of cells to ensure that no important information gets deleted accidentally. Telomerase builds it | 17 | |
| 9619093604 | What is involved in DNA repair? | 1.Proofreading-DNA polymerase ensures that the correct nucleotide is attached to the base, if not it edits it 2. Mismatch repair proteins- they repair errors that DNA polymerase overlooked 3. Excision repair proteins: remove damaged nucleotides caused by environmental factors (x-ray) | 18 | |
| 9619181056 | What are the three steps in protein synthesis? | 1.Transcription 2. RNA processing 3. Translation | 19 | |
| 9619239077 | How many nucleotides are necessary for one amino acid? | A codon uses three nucleotides to create one amino acid | 20 | |
| 9619297061 | What are the three steps of transcription? | 1.Initiation-RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter region (TATA box) and unzips the DNA 2. Elongation- DNA polymerase assembles RNA from the DNA, no primer is needed and it builds going in the 3-->5 prime direction so the new strand is created 5'-->3' 3. Termination-A sequence of nucleotides tell the DNA polymerase to stop. | 21 | |
| 9619370730 | What are the 4 steps of mRNA processing? | 1. 5'cap-GTP(makeup similar to ATP) is added to 5' end of mRNA, this adds stability and attaches to the ribsome 2. Poly-A tail- 200 adenines are attached to the 3' end of mRNA, adds stability and movement control 3. RNA splicing- before moving to cytoplasm mRNA as exons (expressed) and introns(noncoding), snRNPs delete the introns and splice the exons 4. Alternative splicing- selective parts of mRNA are spliced to code for different proteins | 22 | |
| 9619455117 | What are the 10 steps in Translation? | Occurs in the cytoplasm 1. Initiation- when mRNA attaches to ribosome -2.tRNAattaches AUG codon to begin (august is the start of the school year. -3.Large ribosome attaches to the mRNA, and the smaller one is attached to tRNA 4.Elongation- tRNAs attach and bring with them an amino acid -5. tRNA moves to the P position to attach amino acid to peptide cahin -6. tRNA loses its amino acid and moves to the E position -7-9. tRNAs that exit can pick up a new amino acid, the cycle continues to elongate polypeptide chain 10. Termination-a stop codon on the mRNA gets to the ribosome and everything is released back to the cytoplasm | 23 | |
| 9619652465 | What are three bonding sites for the tRNA | 1. A spot- for tRNA with an amino acid 2.P spot- holds the tRNA as it attaches its amino acid to the polypeptide chain 3. E site- for exit, this is where tRNA goes when it has no amino acid | 24 | |
| 9620020999 | What are 4 point mutations? | 1. Substitution- DNA sequence contains an incorrect nucleotide 2. Deletion- nucleotide is omitted from the sequence 3. Insertion- nucleotide is added to sequnce 4. frameshift- occurs because nucleotide was deleted or inserted and messes up all following codons | 25 | |
| 9620073932 | What are the three possible results of a point mutation? | 1. Silent mutation- mutated codon still codes for same amino acid due to the change in teh last of three nucleotides and wobble pairing 2. Missense mutation- codes for a new amino acid- might be minor or major (sickle cell anemia) 3. Nonsense mutation- codes for a stop codon | 26 | |
| 9620353025 | What are chromosomal aberrations? | 1. Deletion- usually fatal 2. Duplications- segment is repeated can be good or bad. some examples below -Globin genes- make up blood -antifrezze genes- help fish from freezing 3. Inversions- segment is reversed 4.Translocations- gene is deleted and reinserted elsewhere 5. transposons (jumping genes)-naturally occurring mutations, they insert themselves where they like -corn- responsible for corn color or lacktheirof | 27 | |
| 9620478149 | What is the anatomy of a virus? | 1. Nucleic acid- RNA or DNA can be double or single stranded 2. Capsid, or protein coat, that encloses nucleic acid 3. Envelope- surrounds the virus | 28 | |
| 9620509863 | What are two ways viruses reproduce? | 1. Lytic cycle- virus penetrates cell uses the enzymes to reproduce and kilss it 2. Lysogenic cycle (provirus)- virus DNA combines with host DNA and it lies dormant until something triggers it adn it starts the lytic cycle | 29 | |
| 9620567941 | What does a retrovirus do? | Uses mRNA to create its DNA, to then make more mRNA | 30 | |
| 9620666437 | How do prokaryotes reproduce? | -Binary fission-much simpler than eukaryotes. The chromosome duplicates then the cell divides, just two steps -it starts at one origin and progresses in both direction until tra Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes | 31 | |
| 9620685527 | What are plasmids? | short circular molecules outside of the chromosome that carry genes that are not vital to the prokaryote -R plasmids provide resistance to antibodies -episomes- plasmids that can incorporate into the chromosomes -they replicate separately from the chromosome until they meet | 32 | |
| 9620761580 | What are the three steps to horizontal gene transfer? | 1. Conjugation- donor attaches to another bacteria via a pili, it sends it's plasmid or chromosome to the other bacteria. F plasmid contains genes to produce pili 2.Transduction-new DNA is introduced via virus. Viral DNA and bacterial DNA may combine and that might be spread to another bacteria can lead to bacterial resistance and pathogenic traits 3.Transformation-absorbs DNA from the surrounding and uses it | 33 | |
| 9620827768 | What is an operon and what is its four components? | DNA in prokaryotes that contains multiple genes that work together for a single metabolic pathway 1. Promoter- RNA polymerase attaches to begin transcription 2. Operator- a protein tells this to either block or promote the RNA polymerase 3. Structural genes- these code for the product 4. Regulartory genes- they make proteins that engages the operator and tells it to block or activate | 34 | |
| 9620978416 | Why is regulation of gene expression more difficult in eukaryotic cells? | 1.Multicellularity- different cells need different regulators 2.Chromosome complexity 3. uncoupling of transcription and translation-prokaryotes have transcription and translation as the same step but eukaryotes have them as wholely seperate steps | 35 | |
| 9621030128 | What are 8 mechanisms that regulate eukaryotic transcription? | 1. DNA methylation- during long periods of deactivation methyl groups attach to DNA to make it more difficult to get to 2. Histone modifications-change in organization of histones and proteins -if histones are acetylated (COCH3) then transcription is activated -if histones are methalated- then transcription is repressed 3. X activation-in females one of the two X chromosomes deactivate 4. Transcription initiation- transcription complex determine how much transcription is initiated or repressed. 5. | 36 |
