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| 7397047106 | Venus Figurines | Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance |  | 0 |
| 7397047107 | Dreamtime | A complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal peopel that held that current humans live in an echo of ancestral happenings |  | 1 |
| 7397047108 | Clovis Culture | The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point |  | 2 |
| 7397047109 | Megafaunal Extinction | The dying-out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels; occured around 11,000-10,000 years ago at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing of climate of the era |  | 3 |
| 7397047110 | Austronesian Migrations | The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago |  | 4 |
| 7397047111 | shamans | In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs |  | 5 |
| 7397047112 | trance dance | In San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's innter spiritual potency [n/um] to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Jo/'hoansi are a surviving remnant |  | 6 |
| 7397047113 | Paleolithic settling down | The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods, as well as growing inequalities in society |  | 7 |
| 7397047114 | Gobekli Tepe | oldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture |  | 8 |
| 7397047115 | Fertile Crescent | A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates |  | 9 |
| 7397047116 | Teosinte | a wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize |  | 10 |
| 7397047117 | Diffusion | Is the process by which a characterictic spreads |  | 11 |
| 7397047118 | Bantu Migrations | (1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa. |  | 12 |
| 7397047119 | Ishi | The last the Yali people found in northern California in 1951. He is a good example of how the growth of agricultural societies led to the collapse of gathering and hunting communities. |  | 13 |
| 7397047120 | "secondary products revolution" | A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began c.a. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. Examples: milk, transportation, wool, hunting help, glue, muscle power, eggs, blood, feathers, bones, ivory, manure/fertilizer, and hides/fur. |  | 14 |
| 7397047121 | Pastoral Societies | Based on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike. |  | 15 |
| 7397047122 | Catalhuyuk | Good example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization. |  | 16 |
| 7397047123 | Chiefdoms | A society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule. |  | 17 |
| 7397047124 | Paleolithic Rock Art | The hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found. |  | 18 |
| 7397047125 | Neanderthals | Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago |  | 19 |
| 7397047126 | Norte Chico | A region along the coast of Peru that possessed a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton. |  | 20 |
| 7397047127 | Indus Valley | 3rd millennium BC, Elaborately planned cities, standardized measures, irrigated agriculture, written language, no temples kings etc., had a lot of land, no political hierarchy, was abandoned because of mass deforestation, low crop yields, famine, environmental deterioration, etc. their influence continued even to this day (i.e. yoga). Important because it shows how we developed in our cities and economy. |  | 21 |
| 7397047128 | Central Asian/Oxus Civilization | Present day Afgainistan. Large gates and walls. Social hierarchy. focal point for a "Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and commercial exchange. |  | 22 |
| 7397047129 | Olmec Civilization | earliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads |  | 23 |
| 7397047130 | Uruk | an ancient Sumerian city in Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script. |  | 24 |
| 7397047131 | Mohenjo-Daro / Harappa | the two main cities of india, know as twin capitals and both 3 miles in circumference |  | 25 |
| 7397047132 | Epic of Gilgemesh | Mesopotamian flood story that includes legends and myths, the friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu |  | 26 |
| 7397047133 | Code of Hammurabi | A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations. |  | 27 |
| 7397047134 | Patriarchy | A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line |  | 28 |
| 7397047135 | Rise of the State | A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity or urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership |  | 29 |
| 7397047136 | Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" | provided annual and predictable flooding that benefited and provided a sustainable lifestyle for this civilization, also gave them a stable and positive worldview, proved unty and independence and security |  | 30 |
| 7397047137 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE |  | 31 |
| 7397047138 | Paneb | Egyptian criminal. His story is a good example of the darker underside of Egypt. How reliable it is is under question because almost all of the information we have comes from his rival. |  | 32 |
