Unit 10: Personality
Myers' Psychology for the AP
David G. Myers
Terms : Hide Images
| 8000404636 | Personality | An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | 0 | |
| 8000404637 | Free Association | In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing | 1 | |
| 8000404638 | Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions | 2 | |
| 8000404639 | Unconscious | According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware | 3 | |
| 8000404640 | Id | A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according the Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification | 4 | |
| 8000404641 | Ego | The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain | 5 | |
| 8000404642 | Superego | The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations | 6 | |
| 8000404643 | Psychosexual Stages | The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones | 7 | |
| 8000404644 | Oedipus Complex | According to Freud, boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. Occurs during the phallic stage. A boy may also experience castration anxiety. | 8 | |
| 8000404645 | Castration anxiety | According to Freud, a boy's fear of his father's desire to cut off his genitalia to eliminate the competition they share for the mother. | 9 | |
| 8000404646 | Identification | The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. This is the means by which the child would "graduate" to the latency stage. | 10 | |
| 8000404647 | Fixation | According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved | 11 | |
| 8000404648 | Oral stage | Birth - 1 year Pleasure center = mouth Sucking, biting, chewing Timing issues = personality problems Talkative, dependent, addictive, needy | 12 | |
| 8000404649 | Anal stage | 1 - 3 years Pleasure = bladder bowel control Potty extremes Expulsive = messy/ unorganized Retentive = neat/precise | 13 | |
| 8000404650 | Phallic stage | 3 - 5 years Pleasure zone = genitalia Boys = Oedipus complex Castration anxiety Girls = Electra complex Penis envy Identification = healthy Unresolved issues = flirtatious, vain, jealous, and competitive personalities | 14 | |
| 8000404651 | Latency stage | 6 years - puberty Libido hidden in unconscious - repressed "Cootie" stage | 15 | |
| 8000404652 | Genital stage | Puberty - adulthood Sexual impulses reawakened Pleasure sought through sexual relationships with others | 16 | |
| 8000404653 | Defense Mechanisms | In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality | 17 | |
| 8000404654 | Regression | Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated Example = Thumb sucking, bed wetting, baby talk, etc. | 18 | |
| 8000404655 | Reaction Formation | Psychoanalytic defense mechanism bu which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings Reversed Feelings Example = Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them | 19 | |
| 8000404656 | Projection | Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Like projectile vomit (sorry) Example = If someone is a thief, they always accuse their friends of stealing from them. | 20 | |
| 8000404657 | Rationalization | Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's action | 21 | |
| 8000404658 | Displacement | Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet Example = A teacher who is going through an awful divorce is actually mad at his wife but creates unnecessarily difficult tests and gives his students unusually low grades | 22 | |
| 8000404659 | Sublimation | Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities Example = an aggressive teenager channeling that into their hockey performance | 23 | |
| 8000404660 | Denial | Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or eve to perceive painful realities | 24 | |
| 8000404661 | Collective Unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history Contains archetypes | 25 | |
| 8000404662 | Archetypes | Universal concepts we all share as the human species Examples = a mother figure or a God like figure in all cultures across time Anima: feminine side of male. Animus: masculine side of female. Persona: public personality, what is revealed to others, expected self Shadow: "dark side of personality" | 26 | |
| 8000404663 | Anima | Jung's archetype for the feminine side of male | 27 | |
| 8000404664 | Animus | Jung's archetype for the masculine side of female | 28 | |
| 8000404665 | Persona | Jung's archetype for th public personality, what is revealed to others, expected self | 29 | |
| 8000404666 | Shadow | Jung's archetype for the "dark side of personality" The characteristics of our enemy often represent this in our self | 30 | |
| 8000404667 | Carl Jung | Neo-Freudian (psychodynamic perspective) that supported the idea of a collective unconscious, which contains archetypes. | 31 | |
| 8000404668 | Karen Horney | Neo-Freudian (psychodynamic perspective) Childhood anxiety Caused by sense of helplessness Triggers desire for love and security Tackle penis envy with womb envy | 32 | |
| 8000404669 | Alfred Adler | Neo-Freudian (psychodynamic perspective) Downplayed unconscious Focus on ego We are motivated by fear of failure (inferiority complex) Inferiority v. superiority Work with birth order | 33 | |
| 8000404670 | Projective Test | A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics Other examples = Sentence completion Draw-A-Person Test Word association | 34 | |
| 8000404671 | TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) | A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes | 35 | |
| 8000404672 | Rorschach Inkblot Test | The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots | 36 | |
| 8000404673 | Terror Management Theory | A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death | 37 | |
| 8000404674 | Self Actualization | According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential | 38 | |
| 8000404675 | Self Concept | All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?" | 39 | |
| 8000404676 | Trait | A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports | 40 | |
| 8000404677 | Gordon Allport | Idiographic trait theorist Not one set of traits Measurable traits = 4,500 total Cardinal - pivotal role Central - apparent, large influence Secondary - smaller influence | 41 | |
| 8000404678 | Raymond Cattell | Nomothetic trait theorist Same basic set Characterize all people 16 PF (personality factors) Present in all people in varying degrees Surface and source traits | 42 | |
| 8000404679 | Hans Eyesenck | Nomothetic trait theorist Introversion-extroversion Stable-unstable | 43 | |
| 8000404680 | William Sheldon | Somatotype theory - trait theoriest Personalities based on body type Ectomorph Artistic, sensitive, introvert Mesomorphs Confident, courageous, assertive Endomorphs Friendly, loves comfort, extravert | 44 | |
| 8000404681 | Robert McCrae and Paul Costa | The BIG FIVE OCEAN Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (or stability) | 45 | |
| 8000404682 | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) | Questionnaire Measure psychological preferences How people perceive the world How people make decisions Labels Introvert v. extrovert Thinking v. feeling Sensing v. intuition Judgment v. perception | 46 | |
| 8000404683 | Personality Inventory | A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits | 47 | |
| 8000404684 | MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) | The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes | 48 | |
| 8000404685 | Empirically Derived Test | A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups | 49 | |
| 8000404686 | Barnum effect | Reaction to assessment We easily believe vague, stock descriptions of personality "There's a sucker born every minute." Astrologers, psychics, and fortune tellers | 50 | |
| 8000404687 | Social Cognitive Perspective | Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context | 51 | |
| 8000404688 | Reciprocal Determinism | Bandura's term for the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment Examples = if we are aggressive (internal cognition), we will play violent video games (environment), which then makes him want to hit his friends (behavior, and that makes him more aggressive (internal cognition) We are both a product and an architect of our environment A person's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. |  | 52 |
| 8000404689 | Personal Control | The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless | 53 | |
| 8000404690 | External Locus of Control | Rotter's term for th the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate Can be created with learned helplessness. | 54 | |
| 8000404691 | Julian Rotter | Studied internal and external locus of control | 55 | |
| 8000404692 | Learned Helplessness | Repeated aversive events = hopeless and passive resignation Can foster an external locus of control Studied by Martin Seligman | 56 | |
| 8000404693 | Martin Seligman | Studied learned helplessness Later founded positive psychology | 57 | |
| 8000404694 | Internal Locus of Control | Rotter's term for the perception that you control your own fate | 58 | |
| 8000404695 | Positive Psychology | The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Similar in notion to humanism but is rooted in scientific method | 59 | |
| 8000404696 | Self | In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions | 60 | |
| 8000404697 | Spotlight Effect | Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders | 61 | |
| 8000404698 | Self Esteem | One's feelings of high or low self-worth | 62 | |
| 8000404699 | Secure self-esteem | A feeling of being accepted for who one truly is This is not fragile but rather strong and consistent even when faced with constructive criticism | 63 | |
| 8000404700 | Defensive self-esteem | A self worth that focuses on sustaining itself This is fragile Failures and criticisms will feel threatening | 64 | |
| 8000404701 | Self Serving Bias | A readiness to perceive oneself favorably | 65 | |
| 8000404702 | Individualism | Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than groups identifications | 66 | |
| 8000404703 | Collectivism | Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly | 67 | |
| 8000404704 | Regression | psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. | 68 | |
| 8000404705 | Unconditional positive regard | According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. | 69 | |
| 8000404706 | Carl Rogers | Humanist that believes that growth requires: Genuineness Acceptance (Unconditional positive regard) Empathy | 70 | |
| 8000404707 | Abraham Maslow | Humanist that created the Hierarchy of needs Top need = Self actualization Process of fulfilling our potential | 71 | |
| 8000404708 | Active listening | Nondirective therapy approach of the humanistic perspective in which the therapist: Echo feelings "That must be frustrating" Restate "What I am hearing you say is..." Clarify "Could you provide an example of..." | 72 | |
| 8000404709 | Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman | Studied Type A and Type B personality types | 73 | |
| 8000404710 | Type A | Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people More susceptible to heart disease Studied by Friedman and Rosenman | 74 | |
| 8000404711 | Type B | Easygoing, relaxed people Studied by Friedman and Rosenman | 75 | |
| 8000404712 | General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | Body's adaptive response to stress in three stages 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion Developed by Hans Selye | 76 | |
| 8000404713 | Hans Selye | Developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Body's adaptive response to stress in three stages 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion | 77 | |
| 8000404714 | Walter Mischel | Studied the ability to control impulses and delay gratification using the marshmallow experiment with children | 78 | |
| 8000404715 | Hermann Rorschach | Created the inkblot projective test | 79 | |
| 8000404716 | Sigmund Freud | Father of the psychoanalytic perspective Theorized that the personality is comprised of three parts: id, ego, superego Created the psychosexual stages Believes in the unconscious | 80 |
