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| 5169004704 | Photosynthesis |  | 0 | |
| 5169008426 | Photosynthetic Pigments | Absorb light energy to provide energy for photosynthesis Chlorophyll a and b are green Carotenoid and xanthophyll are yellow, orange and red Phycobilins are red A pigment absorbs all colors that it does not reflect; chlorophyll reflects green, while it absorbs red, blue, and violet | 1 | |
| 5169035686 | Antenna Pigments | Photosynthetic pigments that capture wavelengths of light other than those absorbed by chlorophyll a, thus expanding the spectrum of light that can be used to power photosynthesis Located in photosystems in the grana of chloroplasts Ex: Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophyll, and phycobilin | 2 | |
| 5169067418 | Chloroplast A. Outer double membrane - the membrane is double because in ancient times chloroplasts were tine free-living organisms that took up residence inside larger cells (theory of endosymbiosis) B. Stroma - site of light-independent reactions C. Grana - site of light-dependent reactions; consists of thylakoid membranes |  | 3 | |
| 5169069700 | Photosystems (PS) | Located in the grana, within thylakoid membranes Harvest light for the light-dependent reactions Several hundred in each chloroplast Consist of a reaction center containing chlorophyll a plus antenna pigments There are two photosystems: PS 1 (P700) and PS II (P680) PS I absorbs light, on average, in the 700 nm range PS II absorbs light, on average, in the 680 nm range PS II activates before PS I | 4 | |
| 5169091721 | Light - Dependent Reactions | During the light-dependent reactions, two major things occur: light is absorbed and transferred to molecules of ATP, and water is split apart Occur in the grana Light is absorbed by PS II and PS I in the thylakoid membranes ATP is produced as the exergonic flow of electrons through electron transport chains is coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP. This process of ATP production is known as photophosphorylation Photolysis occurs: water is split apart, providing electrons (to replace those lost from photosystem II) and protons (to reduce NADP) to the system NADPH 2 is formed: protons from water reduce NADP to NADPH2, and NADPH2 carries H2 to the light-independent reactions | 5 | |
| 5169117436 | Noncyclic Photophosphorylation |  | 6 | |
| 5169119414 | Cyclic Photophosphorylation | This process only replenishes ATP - no NADPH is formed Modification of noncyclic photophorylation Occurs when the Calvin cycle (which requires enormous energy) uses up all available ATP Electrons travel from PSII to PSI and back to PS II again in a cyclic fashion | 7 | |
| 5169134221 | Light- Independent Reaction | General term for the process that includes the Calvin cycle Occurs in the stroma Uses ATP from the light-dependent reactions to produce sugar (PGAL or G3P - phosphoglyceraldehyde) Does not depend directly on light Requires the products of the light-dependent reactions; these reactions occur only when there is light Uses protons (H+) carried by NADPH2 formed during the light-dependent reactions to make sugar | 8 | |
| 5169153400 | Calvin Cycle | The name of the process in which carbon fixation occurs as part of the light-independent reactions Produces PGAL (G3P), a 3-carbon sugar Occurs in stroma CO2 combines with RuBP, a 5 carbon molecule, to produce two 3 carbon molecules Catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase) Uses large amounts of ATP | 9 | |
| 5169169050 | Photorespiration | Dead-end process that subverts the Calvin cycle from the production of sugar during photosynthesis Unlike normal cellular respiration, no ATP is produced Unlike normal photosynthesis, no sugar is produced Occurs when Rubisco, from the Calvin cycle, binds to O2 instead of to CO2 (because Rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 than CO2) It is probably a vestige from ancient Earth, when the atmosphere contained no oxygen to compete with CO2 for binding sites in Rubisco | 10 | |
| 5169189408 | Cell Respiration |  | 11 | |
| 5169195436 | ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate Consists of adenosine (the adenine nucleotide and ribose) plus 3 phosphates Used by cells as a source of immediate energy |  | 12 | |
| 5169195437 | Glycolysis | The anaerobic phase of cellular respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell The anaerobic breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, the raw material for the Krebs cycle Activation energy for this reaction is 2 ATP A multistep anaerobic process that yields 4 ATP molecules (net gain of 2 ATP) plus 2 molecules of NADH Produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation | 13 | |
| 5169230277 | A. Outer compartment - where the ETC pumps protons B. Inner matrix site of Krebs Cycle C Cristae membrane - site of electron transport chain and ATP synthase complex Contains thousands of copies of the ETC Impermeable to protons (H+) Contains hundreds of ATP synthase channels |  | 14 | |
| 5169239595 | Aerobic Respiration | Occurs in mitochondria Requires the presence of oxygen Consists of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation Occurs after the anaerobic respiration phase (glycosis) Produces 38 ATP | 15 | |
| 5169251029 | Krebs Cycle - Citric Acid Cycle | Part of aerobic respiration Raw material = acetyl co-A (coenzyme A combined with pyruvate from glycolysis) Each turn of the cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP Occurs in the mitochondrial inner matrix Produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation CO2 is a waste product Turns twice for each molecule of glucose broken down | 16 | |
| 5169264000 | Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |  | 17 | |
| 5169275608 | ATP synthase channel A protein complex that sits within the cristae membrane of a mitochondrion There are hundreds of them in the cristae membrane Responsible for producing ATP as protons (H+) flow down a gradient through the channel from the outer compartment to the inner matrix, a process called chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation |  | 18 | |
| 5169278604 | Chemiosmosis | Most ATP synthesis in a cell is produced by chemiosmosis A process by which ATP is formed in mitochondria as protons flow down a proton gradient through the ATP synthase channel in the cristae membrane The cristae membrane is otherwise impermeable to protons | 19 | |
| 5169295058 | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | Produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle During this process, the enzyme kinase transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to ADP, forming ATP | 20 | |
| 5169303857 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | A broad term - the production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport to create a proton gradient and chemiosmosis Produces the most ATP during cellular respiration | 21 | |
| 5169313191 | NAD+ - NADH FAD-FADH2 |  | 22 | |
| 5169313192 | Redox Reactions | Reduction: gain of electrons; gain of hydrogen Oxidation: loss of electrons; loss of hydrogen The ETC is a series of REDOX reactions Cell respiration is an overall oxidative reaction | 23 | |
| 5169323282 | Cytochromes | Proteins that help make up the ETC Similar in structure to hemoglobin, but they transport electrons instead of oxygen Cytochrome c is present in all aerobic organisms and is used in comparative molecular biology studies | 24 | |
| 5169337163 | Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration) | Not a synonym for glycolysis A catabolic process that produces a small amount of energy in the absence of oxygen Begins with glycolysis and produces pyruvate and then alcohol or lactic acid Converts NADH to NAD+ by transferring electrons to pyruvate Generates ATP as long as there is an adequate supply of NAD+ to accept the electrons The anaerobic bacterium that causes botulism relies solely on this process for energy | 25 | |
| 5169353185 | Overview of ATP Production |  | 26 |
