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| 4386166889 | Photosynthesis | the process by which light energy is converted to chemical bond energy and carbon is fixed into organic compounds, two main processes: light-dependent and light-independent | 0 | |
| 4386166890 | Light-Dependent Reactions | use light directly to produce ATP that powers the light independent reactions | 1 | |
| 4386166891 | Light-Independent Reactions | consist of the Calvin cycle, which produces sugar, uses ATP formed during the light reactions | 2 | |
| 4386166892 | Photosynthesis Formula | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 | 3 | |
| 4386166893 | Photosynthetic Pigments | absorb light energy and use it to provide energy to carry out photosynthesis, chlorophylls and carotenoids | 4 | |
| 4386166894 | Chlorophyll a/b | green, absorb all wavelengths of light in the red, blue, and violet range | 5 | |
| 4386166895 | Carotenoids | yellow, orange, and red, absorb light in the blue, green, and violet range | 6 | |
| 4386166898 | Action Spectrum | graph showing rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light, obtained from a living plant | 7 | |
| 4386166899 | Chlorophyll a | the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis, large molecule with a single magnesium atom in the head surrounding by alternating single and double bonds, double bonds are source of electrons that flow through the ETC during photosynthesis | 8 | |
| 4386166900 | Chloroplast | contains photosynthetic pigments that carry out photosynthesis | 9 | |
| 4386166901 | Stroma | where the light-independent reactions occur | 10 | |
| 4386166902 | Photosystems | light-harvesting complexes in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, few hundred in each thylakoid, consists of reaction center containing chlorophyll a and several hundred antenna pigment moluecules | 11 | |
| 4386166903 | PSII | happens first, discovered second, absorbs light best in 680 nm range, called P680 | 12 | |
| 4386166904 | PSI | happens second, discovered first, absorbs light best in 700 nm range, called P700 | 13 | |
| 4386166905 | Photosystem II | energy is absorbed by P680, electrons from double bonds become energized, move into higher energy levels, captured by primary electron acceptor | 14 | |
| 4386166906 | Photolysis | water gets split apart, providing electrons to provide those lost from chlorophyll a, splits water into two electrons, two protons, and one oxygen, two oxygens combine to form one O2 molecule, released | 15 | |
| 4386166907 | Electron Transport Chain | electrons from P680 pass along an ETC consisting of PQ, complex of two cytochromes and several other proteins, end up in P700, flow is exergonic and provides ATP by chemiosmosis | 16 | |
| 4386166908 | Chemiosmosis | process by which ATP is formed during the light reactions, proteins were released from water, pumped by thylakoid membrane from stroma into lumen, ATP is formed as these protons diffuse down gradient, through ATP synthase channels | 17 | |
| 4386166909 | NADP+ | becomes reduced when it picks up the two protons that were released from water in P680, newly formed NADPH carries hydrogen to the Calvin cycle to make sure | 18 | |
| 4386166910 | Photosystem I | energy is absorbed, electrons from the head of chlorophyll a become energized and are captured by a primary electron receptor, process is similar to way it happens in P680, difference is that electrons that escape are replaced with electrons from PSII, contains ferrodoxin and ends with NADPH, not ATP | 19 | |
| 4386166911 | Cyclic Photophosphorylation | sole purpose is to PRODUCE ATP, no NADPH, used to replenish ATP levels for Calvin cycle, takes photo-excited electrons on a short-circuit pathway, electrons travel from P680 to P700, to primary electron acceptor, back to cytochrome complex | 20 | |
| 4386166912 | Calvin Cycle | the main business of the light-independent reactions, cyclical process that produces the 3-carbon sugar PGAL, carbon enters the stomates of a leaf in CO2, becomes fixed, reduction reaction | 21 | |
| 4386166913 | Carbon Fixation | the process that occurs during the Calvin cycle | 22 | |
| 4386166914 | Calvin Cycle steps | CO2 enters, becomes attached to 5-carbon sugar RuBP, unstable molecule breaks into two 3-carbon molecules, rubisco catalyzes step, uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions, occurs only in the light | 23 | |
| 4386166915 | Photorespiration | C-3 plants have first step of the Calvin cycle produce 3-PGA, three-carbon, not very efficient because rubisco binds to O2 and CO2, binding to O2 instead of CO2 diverts process of photosynthesis, no ATP is produced, no sugar is formed, so peroxisomes break down the products of photorespiration | 24 | |
| 4386166917 | C-4 Photosynthesis | modification for dry environments, exhibit different anatomy (bundle sheath cells) and pathways (PEP carboxylase), minimize water loss and maximize sugar production, thrive in hot, sunny environments, Corn, Sugar Cane, Crab Grass | 25 | |
| 4386166920 | CAM Plants | crassulacean acid metabolism, another adaptation to dry conditions, keep stomates closed during day and open at night, mesophyll cells store CO2 in organic compounds they synthesize at night, when light reactions can supply energy for Calvin cycle, CO2 is released from the organic acids made the night before | 26 | |
| 4386166923 | Chloroplasts | absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. | 27 | |
| 4386166924 | Thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |  | 28 |
| 4386166925 | Stomata | pores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters | 29 | |
| 4386166926 | Stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. | 30 | |
| 4386166928 | Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. | 31 | |
| 4386166929 | What are the two stages of photosynthesis | light dependent and light independent | 32 | |
| 4386166930 | Light Reactions produce | ATP, Oxygen, and NADPH | 33 | |
| 4386166931 | Calvin cycle uses | H fromNADPH ATP CO2 | 34 | |
| 4386166932 | NADP | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. | 35 | |
| 4386166935 | the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? | H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle | 36 | |
| 4386166936 | Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? | release of oxygen | 37 | |
| 4386166937 | The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with | ATP and NADPH. | 38 | |
| 4386166942 | Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? | The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma. | 39 |
