AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Physics B Exam Review Flashcards

This a collection of over 200 questions you should be able to answer for the AP Physics-B exam. These are a partially from a document that is a collection of over 100 questions you should know before taking the AP physics exam. I do not know the original author. I have broken up, re-worded and added many questions.
This is a vast amount of information, take the quizzes over and over. Knowing this information will help your speed and recognizing the concepts but it will not guarantee a "5. You need to know how to apply the concepts to solve problems and create a graph from any equation.

Terms : Hide Images
422803741What two entities comprise a vector?Magnitude and direction1
422803742What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?Break it up into x and y components using trig, add up the components.2
422803743How are velocity and speed different?Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.3
422803744What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?velocity4
422803745What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.The velocity is positive5
422803746What is acceleration?How quickly you change velocity.6
422803747What is the area under the velocity time graph?Displacement7
422803748What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?The initial velocity, (Vo in the formulas)8
422803749What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?The CHANGE in velocity.9
422803750What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?ZERO10
422803751What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?Vertical direction11
422803752What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?They fall, vertically, the by the same amount in the same time.12
422803753What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls "t" seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 Remember, the word "dropped" implies no initial velocity.13
422803754What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.14
422803755What equation describes the speed of a dropped object "t" seconds after it started moving?V=Vo + at ...The word "dropped" means no initial velocity.15
422803756What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.16
422803757What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.17
422803758What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the x direction?The body is moving at a constant velocity18
422803759What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?g=zero so h=(Vyo)t19
422803760When is sum of force (net force) zero.When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.20
422803761When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero.When a body's speed is changing.21
422803762What force is always present, and what is its equation?Weight ...w=mg22
422803763How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.23
422803764When is a normal force present, what is its direction?When the body rests on a surface.24
422803765What is the component of "mg" parallel to a slope?(mg)sin(angle)25
422803766What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^226
422803767In uniform circular motion, how is tangential velocity calculated?2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period27
422803768What is the direction of the centripetal force?The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.28
422803769What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)29
422803770How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?It is the net force pointing towards the center.30
422803771A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.31
422803772A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.32
422803773Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where "a" is the centripetal force.33
422803774How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)34
422803775How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)35
422803776If you double the mass of one planet, triple the mass of another, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction between them?The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.36
422803777What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and "r" squared?G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^237
422803778How can total momentum be calculated?Adding the momentum of all the bodies.38
422803779What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v39
422803780What is impulse?Impulse is the change in momentum40
422803781How does impulse relate to force?Impulse is (force)(time)41
422803782What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)42
422803783Work is the area under which curve?The graph of force vs displacement43
422803784What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body44
422803785What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.45
422803786What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)46
422803787What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates, or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?W=qV where "W" is the work, "q" is the charge and "V" is the potential difference measured in Volts.47
422803788What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial48
422803789What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant49
422803790What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?KE=Work50
422803791What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done, or that energy is used?Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.51
422803792In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PE and KE at the equilibrium position?Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.52
422803793In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PES, and K at maximum displacement?This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.53
422803794What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.54
422803795What is temperature?The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.55
422803796What is internal energy?The motion of the molecules in gas.56
422803797What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?A change in the gas' temperature.57
422803798What is heat?The transfer of thermal energy58
422803799What is meant by the terms system and environment?system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.59
422803800What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?PV=nRT and PV=kT60
422803801What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases.dU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment61
422803802What is an isothermal process, and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.62
422803803What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.63
422803804What is an adiabatic process?An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.64
422803805What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings65
422803806What is the area under any PV curve?Work done "BY" the gas.66
422803807Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.67
422803808Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.68
422803809Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)69
422803810Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)70
422803811Under what conditions is heat positive?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.71
422803812Under what conditions is heat negative?Heat, (the "Q" variable), is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.72
422803813How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.73
422803814What is the second law of thermodynamics?Statistically speaking, energy flows from hot to cold.74
422803815Describe the relationship between Qh, Qc, and W in a heat engine?Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh75
422803816How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.76
422803817Under what conditions does entropy increase?Entropy always increases.77
422803818What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.78
422803819In electrostatics, what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?"m" is replaced by "q," and "g" is replaced by "E." W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.79
422803820If you have two charges, and you double one charge and triple the other, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?According to Coulomb's Law, the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.80
422803821What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.81
422803822What is the difference between the variable "q" and "Q?""q" is a single particle's charge and "Q" is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...82
422803823What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical CONDUCTOR?Zero.83
422803824What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?Something other than zero.84
422803825What does the term potential difference mean?Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.85
422803826What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?V=kq/R86
422803827What does the term electric potential energy mean?Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE87
422803828What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates, decrease the distance between the plates,and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.88
422803829What forces charges to move?The electric field forces charges to move.89
422803830What do batteries and generators produce?A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.90
422803831What is the actual movement of charges, and how is it measured?The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.91
422803832What causes resistance?Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.92
422803833How does a wires composition effect resistance?But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.93
422803834How length effect resistance?The longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance.94
422803835How does thickness effect resistance?The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.95
422803836How does temperature effect resistance?The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.96
422803837What is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance?Ohm's Law: V=IR97
422803838What is the relationship between power, voltage and current?P=IV98
422803839What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?Current stays the same for resistors in series.99
422803840What quantity ADDS for resistors in seriesResistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...100
422803841What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.101
422803842What stays the same for capacitors in series?The charge on each capacitor.102
422803843What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?Parallel. Because the plates are shared.103
422803844What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB104
422803845How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)105
422803846What is the work done on a charged particle by the magnetic field? Why?ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)106
422803847How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N), B:=magnetic field (T), i=current (A), l=length of wire in the field (m), theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.107
422803848How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?Open right hand rule108
422803849What is electromagnetic induction?Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt109
422803850What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.110
422803851What is the difference between emf and voltage?Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.111
422803852What is the formula relating emf and voltage?V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts), E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts), IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)112
422803853How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.113
422803854What is the difference between a motor and a generator?A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.114
422803855What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.115
422803856Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave, Transverse Wave: Light wave, "The Wave" in a a crowd at a porting event.116
422803857What is the relationship between speed, frequency, and wavelength?wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)117
422803858What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength in any wave?E=hf=hc/(wavelength)118
422803859How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2119
422803860How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4120
422803861What cause an electromagnetic wave, and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.121
422803862What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?Radio, Infrared, Visible, UltraViolet, X-Rays, Gamma Rays.122
422803863What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?ROY-G-BIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet123
422803864What is the difference between reflection, refraction, and diffraction?Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.124
422803865Define reflectionThe bouncing of light125
422803866Define RefractionThe bending of light126
422803867Define diffractionBends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.127
422803868What is the law of reflection?The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.128
422803869Define Snell's law.(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)129
422803870What happens at the critical angle?The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)130
422803871When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.LESS to MORE dense, the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.131
422803872When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.MORE to LESS dense, the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.132
422803873How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.133
422803874What doesn't change (speed, frequency, or wavelength), when light moves from one medium to another?frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)134
422803875What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf135
422803876What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.136
422803877What shapes are converging lenses?Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.137
422803878What shape is a diverging lenses?Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.138
422803879What shape is a converging mirrors?Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.139
422803880What shape is a diverging mirror?convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.140
422803881Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?Converging lenses have a positive focal length.141
422803882Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.142
422803883What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.143
422803884What are the three rules needed for mirrors, since not all three work every time?(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.144
422803885Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?Diverging145
422803886Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image.Convex146
422803887Which kind of mirror can show a real image?Concave147
422803888Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?Convex148
422803889What makes an image "real?"The light travels through the image.149
422803890When are f, p, q, ho, hi, and M positive for mirrors?When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.150
422803891What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?No image.151
422803892What kind of mirror has a positive focus?Concave152
422803893What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?In front of the mirror, in the light.153
422803894What two things must be true for a positive magnification?(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.154
422803895When is the image negative for mirrors?When it is on the "dark" side of the mirror. Opposite the light.155
422803896When is the image negative for a lens?When it is on the same side as the image?156
422803897What is Huygen's Principle?Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.157
422803898State the significance of Young's Experiment.Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.158
422803899What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.159
422803900What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.160
422803901What did Thompson discover?The electron161
422803902What did Rutherford discover?The nucleus162
422803903What is the Bohr Model of the atom?That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.163
422803904What is the energy of a photon?E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J), h = Plank's constant, f=frequency (Hz)164
422803905What is mass energy equivalence?Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.165
422803906What does light absorption involve?The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.166
422803907What does light emission involve?Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes, a wavelength of light is given off.167
422803908What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single, free-floating, molecule. the ionization energy is higher than the wave function.168
422803909What is the photoelectric effect?It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.169
422803910What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons, (protons and neutrons.)170
422803911How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?Atomic mass number minus atomic number.171
422803912What is an isotope?Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14172
422803913What is the binding energy?The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.173
422803914What is the strong force?THe force that holds the nucleus together.174
422803915What causes radioactivity?The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.175
422803916What is transmutation?It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.176
422803917What are the three types of radiation?Alpha, Beta, and Gamma177
422803918What comprises alpha radiation?The release of a Helium nuclei, 4,2 He2+178
422803919What comprises beta radiation?The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.179
422803920What comprises gamma decay?The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.180
422803921Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?Alpha181
422803922Which type of radiation has the highest energy?Gamma182
422803923What is half life?It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.183
422803924What is force times the perpendicular distance?Torque184
422803925What is force times the parallel diplacement?Work185
422803926What is force times time?Impulse186
422803927What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?Moment arm187
422803928Define mass in terms of density.m=(rho)V188
422803929S.I. unit of pressurePascal189
422803930This is the gauge pressure when under water.(rho)gh190
422803931Continuity equationa1v1=a2v2191
422803932How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?Speed ups192
422803933Pressure of an open container at the opening.atmospheric pressure193
422803934This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.Bernoulli's equation194
422803935Flow RateVolume/time195
422803936Flow Rate(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)196
422803937BuoyancyForce lifting a body when it is in a fluid.197
422803938The "V" is (rho)VgThe volume under water198
422803939Force in terms of pressureForce= Pressure/Area199
422803940Condition for no rotationSum of the torques equal zero.200
422803941The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.initial velocity201
422803942S.I. unit of torqueN•m202
422803943S.I. unit of fluxWeber203
422803944S.I. unit of Flow ratem^3/s204
422803945S.I. unit of workJoule205
422803946S.I. unit of every kind of energyJoule206
422803947S.I. unit of powerWatt207
422803948S.I. unit of momentumkg•m/s208
422803949Unit that means the same thing as NmJoule209
422803950S.I. unit of centripetal forceNewton210
422803951S.I. unit of frictional forceNewton211
422803952S.I. unit of gravitational forceNewton212
422803953S.I. Unit of electric forceNewton213
422803954S.I. unit of magnetismTesla214
422803955Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.W = KE:final - KE:initial215
422803956Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged platesW=qV216
422803957Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.F=qE217
422803958Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.E=V/d218
422803959Unit of electric fieldN/C219
422803960Unit of energy for electricity.V ... Volt is a Joule/Coulomb220
422803961Energy of a SINGLE photonE=hf221
422803962Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.KE = (3/2)kT222
422803963Gauge Pressurepgh ..thats ("rho")(gravity's acceleration)(height)223
422803964Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.V=kq/R224
422803965Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.E=kq/R^2225
422803966Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.F=kq1q2/R^2226

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!