Terms : Hide Images
| 8639311496 | central dogma of biology | also known as protein synthesis, it is the pathway of information from DNA >>> protein | 0 | |
| 8639311512 | protein synthesis | process through which enzymes and other proteins are made from genes in the DNA DNA >>> mRNA >>> protein | 1 | |
| 8639311513 | three steps of protein synthesis | transcription, RNA processing, translation | 2 | |
| 8639311514 | three types of RNA | messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | 3 | |
| 8639311515 | mRNA | single strand of RNA that provides the template for sequencing amino acids into a polypeptide | 4 | |
| 8639311516 | codon | triplet group of three adjacent nucleotides on the mRNA; codes for one amino acid | 5 | |
| 8639311517 | how many codons exist? | 64 | 6 | |
| 8639311518 | how many amino acids do we use? | 20 | 7 | |
| 8639311519 | what does it mean for the genetic code to be redundant? | occasionally there are multiple codons for a single amino acid | 8 | |
| 8639311520 | tRNA | short RNA molecule (about 80 nucleotides) that is used for transporting amino acids to their proper place on the mRNA | 9 | |
| 8639311521 | anticodon | triplet combination of nucleotides on one end of tRNA that matches with the codon on mRNA | 10 | |
| 8639311522 | wobble pairing | the last nucleotide on a codon and anticodon don't always have to pair up exactly | 11 | |
| 8639311523 | rRNA | combines with various proteins to form ribosomes, made up of a small and large subunit. coordinates activities of mRNA and tRNA during translation. | 12 | |
| 8639311524 | steps of transcription | initiation, elongation, termination | 13 | |
| 8639311525 | transcription: initiation | RNA polymerase attaches to promoter (TATA box) on DNA and unzips DNA. transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to promoter. | 14 | |
| 8639311526 | transcription initiation complex | RNA polymerase, transcription factors, and promoter all bound together during the first step of transcription | 15 | |
| 8639311527 | transcription: elongation | RNA polymerase moves down DNA, unzipping it and assembling RNA nucleotides using the leading strand as a template | 16 | |
| 8639311528 | direction of transcription | 5' >>> 3' | 17 | |
| 8639311529 | transcription: termination | RNA polymerase reaches a special sequence of nucleotides that serve as a termination point; everything dissociates | 18 | |
| 8639311530 | alterations to mRNA during processing | 5' cap, poly-A tail, RNA splicing, alternative splicing | 19 | |
| 8639311531 | 5' cap | a guanine nucleotide with 2 additional phosphates is added to the 5' end of the mRNA; it provides mRNA stability and a point of attachment for the ribosome in translation | 20 | |
| 8639311532 | poly-A tail | a series about 200 adenine nucleotides is attached to the 3' end of the mRNA. it provides mRNA stability and controls the movement of the molecule across the nuclear envelope | 21 | |
| 8639311533 | RNA splicing | small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) remove introns from the mRNA sequence and piece the exons together | 22 | |
| 8639311534 | introns | intervening, noncoding sequences in the mRNA transcript | 23 | |
| 8639311535 | exons | sequences that express a code for a polypeptide in the mRNA | 24 | |
| 8639311536 | alternative splicing | different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which segments are treated as exons or introns; regulatory proteins control this designation | 25 | |
| 8639311537 | translation | process of using mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA to make a protein | 26 | |
| 8639311538 | steps of translation | initiation, elongation, and termination | 27 | |
| 8639311539 | translation: initiation | small ribosomal subunit attaches near the end of the mRNA; tRNA carrying methionine attaches to AUG; large ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA with the tRNA still occupying the middle of the 3 binding sites | 28 | |
| 8639311540 | translation: elongation | additional tRNAs arrive bearing their amino acids; a newly arriving tRNA attaches to the first binding site. the amino acid on the tRNA in the 2nd binding site is transferred to the amino acid on the first binding site; ribosome moves down to the next codon; the tRNA on the first binding site leaves, a new tRNA comes in, and the process repeats. | 29 | |
| 8639311541 | translation: termination | the ribosome encounters a stop codon. the polypeptide, last tRNA, and the two ribosomal subunits re released | 30 | |
| 8639311542 | start codon and amino acid | AUG; methionine | 31 | |
| 8639311543 | stop codons | UAA, UAG, UGA | 32 | |
| 8639311544 | what happens after translation? | the protein is processed in the rough ER or the Golgi and goes on to do work | 33 |
