Psychology Ninth Edition by David Myers. Chapter 9: Thinking and Language Vocabulary.
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| 778489196 | cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | 0 | |
| 778489197 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. | 1 | |
| 778489198 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provide a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). | 2 | |
| 778489199 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics. | 3 | |
| 778489200 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | 4 | |
| 778489201 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. | 5 | |
| 778489202 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. | 6 | |
| 778489203 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. | 7 | |
| 778489204 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. | 8 | |
| 778489205 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. | 9 | |
| 778489206 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. | 10 | |
| 778489207 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. | 11 | |
| 778489208 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | 12 | |
| 778489209 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | 13 | |
| 778489210 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. | 14 | |
| 778489211 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. | 15 | |
| 778489212 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | 16 | |
| 778489213 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. | 17 | |
| 778489214 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). | 18 | |
| 778489215 | grammar | in language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. | 19 | |
| 778489216 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. | 20 | |
| 778489217 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. | 21 | |
| 778489218 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | 22 | |
| 778489219 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | 23 | |
| 778489220 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | 24 | |
| 778489221 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs. | 25 | |
| 778489222 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). | 26 | |
| 778489223 | Broca's area | controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | 27 | |
| 778489224 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. | 28 | |
| 778489225 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. | 29 |
