AP Psych Ch 18 Social Psychology
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| 746638380 | People's responses to scary events | anxiety and desire for revenge; love and compassion? | |
| 746638381 | humans are social animals | depending on who or what influences our thinking, we may assume the best or worst in others | |
| 746638382 | social psychology | studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another | |
| 746638383 | attribution theory | explaining behavior by crediting the external situation or the person's internal disposition | |
| 746638384 | dispositional attribution | teacher thinks hostile child reflects an aggressive personaility | |
| 746638385 | situational attribution | teacher thinks hostile child is abused or reacting to stress | |
| 746638386 | people have enduring personality traits | quiet in class but talkative at lunch; shy or outgoing? | |
| 746638387 | fundamental attribution error | tendency for observer to underestimate situation and overestimate disposition | |
| 746638388 | Napolitan and Goethals | had college students talk with a woman who acted aloof/critical or warm/friendly and told half that her behavior was random and the other half that she was acting... the students disregarded this and attributed her behavior to her personal disposition even THOUGH they were told she was acting situationally | |
| 746638389 | outside assigned roles | people seem less of what you'd expect, i.e. teachers seem less serious, etc. | |
| 746638390 | when explaining our own behavior | we are sensitive to how our behavior changes with the situations we encounter | |
| 746638391 | when explaining others' behavior | particularly after observing them in only one situation, we commit the fundamental attribution error | |
| 746638392 | those whom we know well | we observe in varied situations and so restrains us from attributing their behaviors to dispositions | |
| 746638393 | happily married couples | attribute a spouse's sarcasm as situational (having a bad day) | |
| 746638394 | unhappily married couples | attribute a spouse's sarcasm as dispositional (i married a jerk) | |
| 746638395 | political conservatives | attribute social problems to dispositions of poor/unemployed...freeloaders, etc | |
| 746638396 | political liberals/social scientists | blame past and present situations for social problems | |
| 746638397 | manager attributes worker performance to disposition | coworkers attribute it to situation | |
| 746638398 | point to remember | our attributions have real consequences | |
| 746638399 | attitudes | beliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions | |
| 746638400 | attitudes: BELIEVE, FEEL, ACT | if we BELIEVE someone is mean, we may FEEL dislike for the person, and ACT unfriendly | |
| 746638401 | 1960s studies | challenged ideas that changing attitude can change behavior | |
| 746638402 | most psychologists believed there is a close connection to | thought and action, character and conduct, private words and public deeds | |
| 746638403 | attitudes will guide actions IF | -outside influences on what we say and do are minimal (late 2002, most Americans supporting prep for war against Iraq, Democrats expressed support while having private reservations) -the attitude is specifically relevant to the behavior (people profess general attitudes that contradict behavior, proclaim love while yelling at partner, value good health while smoking) (attitudes toward specific act guides action) -we are keenly aware of our attitudes (when we follow habit or expectation, attitude lies dormant, but if we become self-conscious or aware of how we feel, we are truer to it) (repeatedly expressing an attitude makes it come to mind more quickly) | |
| 746638404 | when we know and are conscious of what we believe | we are usually true to ourselves | |
| 746638405 | attitudes follow behaviors | foot in the door phenomenon and role playing | |
| 746638406 | Chinese thought control program | foot in the door; US soldiers in Chinese war camps during Korean War collaborated in activities, made radio appeals and false confessions, leaked info on fellow prisoners and military info. 21 prisoners chose to stay and some came home brainwashed; | |
| 746638407 | foot in the door phenomenon | tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one start small and build; subjects begin to rationalize behavior, persuading themselves they are justified, saying becomes believing; California Drive Carefully sign, more people said yes to large sign after small one | |
| 746638408 | racial attitudes follow behavior | after school desegregation and Civil Rights Act 1964, white people expressed less prejuice; moral action strengthens moral convictions | |
| 746638409 | bottom line | if you act like you like someone, you soon will what we do, we become | |
| 746638410 | when you adopt a new role | you strive to follow the social prescriptions with it, it may feel like acting at first, but soon becomes normal attitude Stanford Prison exp, Greek military junta torturers | |
| 746638411 | why do actions affect attitude? | we feel motivated to justify our actions cognitive dissonance theory | |
| 746638412 | cognitive dissonance | tension felt when we are aware our attitudes and actions don't coincide | |
| 746638413 | cognitive dissonance theory | the less coerced and more responsible we feel for a troubling act, the more dissonance we feel, then the more motivated we are to find consistency, and thus change our attitude | |
| 746638414 | if you are down | talk in positive, self accepting ways with fewer self put downs | |
| 746638415 | point to remember | changing our behavior can change how we think and how we feel | |
| 746638416 | great lesson | enormous power of social influence on attitudes, beliefs, decisions,and actions seen through conformity, compliance, and group behavior | |
| 746638417 | clusters | suicides, bomb threats, airplane hijackings, and UFO sightings | |
| 746638418 | niche conformity | asserting individuality or identifying themselves with others of same niche | |
| 746638419 | behavior is contagious | giggling, coughing, yawning, stand and look upwards, laughter, seeding tip containers, sickness | |
| 746638420 | chameleon effect | we are natural mimics, it helps us feel others' feelings; we feel happier around happy people; students worked in a room alongside a confederate who rubbed his face and then a confederate who shook his foot and the students mimicked them, is a part of empathy, the more empathic the more you mimic and are liked | |
| 746638421 | effects of suggestibility | after Columbine every US state except Vermont had threats of copycat violence | |
| 746638422 | suicide clusters | suicides increased after following a highly publicized suicide, i.e. after Marilyn Monroe's in August | |
| 746638423 | suggestibility is a subtle type of conformity | conformity: adjusting behavior or thinking towards a group standard | |
| 746638424 | Asch's test | sit with 5 people and say which line is equal to a standard line, its clearly line 2 and wait your turn to say it after everyone else, by third trial, the everyone says the answer is line 3, you get tense and insecure, hesitating, and went with group answer | |
| 746638425 | conditions that strengthen conformity | -one is made to feel incompetent/insecure -the group has at least 3 people -the group is unanimous -group's status and attractiveness is admirable -no prior commitments have been made to any response -others observe the behavior -one's culture strongly encourages respect for social standards | |
| 746638426 | normative social influence | conforming to avoid social rejection and gain approval; we are sensitive to social norms because the price paid for them is severe (marco lokar Italian during Persian Gulf war who didnt wear US flag on uniform, Toni Smith and National Anthem) | |
| 746638427 | informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality; Baron's exp: when judgment was made to seem important and difficult, people conformed more when we are unsure of being right, and when being right matters, we conform | |
| 746638428 | individualistic cultures | lower conformity | |
| 746638429 | Milgram's experiment | in pre experiment survey, the participants and psychologists predicted people would stop after pain was indicated but with men 20-50, 63% fully complied. obedience was highest when: -the person giving orders was close by and perceived as a legit authority -the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution (not Yale) -the victim was depersonalized or at a distance -there were no role models of defiance | |
| 746638430 | obedience in Holocaust | was a minority | |
| 746638431 | kindess vs obedience | obedience wins | |
| 746638432 | foot in the door | those who resist something, do so in the early stages (Milgram and Holocaust) | |
| 746638433 | social facilitation | cyclists faster with other cyclists not clock, winding a fishing reel quickly, go faster at green light with other car behind them; but on tougher tasks people perform less well with others present | |
| 746638434 | when others observe us | we become aroused and that arousal strengthens most likely response, correct on easy task and incorrect on hard task | |
| 746638435 | home team advantage | higher for basketball and soccer and lower for baseball and football | |
| 746638436 | point to remember | what you do well, you are likely to do even better in front of an audience, esp a friendly one | |
| 746638437 | crowding | comedy records seem funnier in crowds, a good house is a full one, arousal triggered by crowding amplifies rections | |
| 746638438 | social loafing | less force put on tug of war with group; diminished effort in a group, most common in individualistic cultures | |
| 746638439 | why social loafing? | people acting as a group feel less accountable and worry less about others thoughts; may view their contribution as dispensable | |
| 746638440 | deindividuation | presence of others arouses and diminishes feelings of responsibility. uninhibited behavior ranging from a food fight to rioting, abandoning normal restraints to power of group, less self conscious and less restrained; mob mentality occurs when you feel aroused and anonymous, in NYU women dressed like KKK delivered twice as much shocks as did identifiable women, masked tribal men more likely to be violent | |
| 746638441 | group polarization | first year students at College X are more intellectually oriented than those at College Y, that difference will be amplified by the time theyre seniors, same with political conservatism widening, girls talk more intimately than boys and play and fantasize less aggressively | |
| 746638442 | group polarization | adolescents at risk for delinquency emerged from such discussions with increased negative behaviors, discussions among like minded people increases pre existing attitudes, same with terrorism; Internet provides new medium | |
| 746638443 | groupthink | Kennedy's decision to invade Cuba; same with Pearl Harbor, Vietnam War escalation, Watergate coverup, Chernobyl, Challenger explosion, but good things too: Marshall Plan, Kennedy kept Soviets from putting missiles in Cuba | |
| 746638444 | social control | power of situation | |
| 746638445 | personal control | power of individual | |
| 746638446 | if minority did not sway majority | communism would be an obscure theory, christianity would be a small middle eastern sect, rosa parks refusal would not have ignited a movement the railroad seemed like a ridiculous idea to many, the steamboat was called silly, printing press, telegraph, lamp, typewriter | |
| 746638447 | prejudice | prejudgment; an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group; mixture of beliefs (stereotypes) emotions and predispositions to actions (discriminate) | |
| 746638448 | saw a white man shoving a black man and called it horsing around | saw a black white shoving a white man and called it violence | |
| 746638449 | prejudice against women and blacks | has fallen sharply in recent decades | |
| 746638450 | blatant prejudice wanes | subtle prejudice lingers | |
| 746638451 | in socially intimate situations | many admit they would feel uncomfortable with someone of another race | |
| 746638452 | prejudice can be unconscious | -people who deny harboring prejudice may carry negative associations, 9/10 white people took longer to identify pleasant words as good when presented with black faces -white university women grading flawed essays gave higher scores to those they were told were written by black people, showing they maybe patronized them to lower standards -research people accidentally shot targets who were black over white | |
| 746638453 | prejudice | -states with less black motorists, they are majority of those stopped by police -dentist sold bmw to avoid being stopped by police for being black | |
| 746638454 | women are more likely to live in poverty | 2/3 of children without basic schooling are girls; people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers -south korean male births have exceeded females -china has 20 more boys than girls -india has 26 boys per 1 girl | |
| 746638455 | most people feel more positively | about women in general than men; nurturance, sensitivity, less aggressiveness | |
| 746638456 | being a victim of discrimination can produce | self blame or anger |
