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| 21899026 | personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | |
| 21899027 | free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. | |
| 21899028 | psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions | |
| 21899029 | unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists,information processing of which we are unaware. | |
| 21899030 | id | according to Freud, the part of personality that consists of unconscious, psychic energy and strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle. | |
| 21899031 | ego | the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. IT operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. | |
| 21899032 | superego | The part of the personality (Freud) that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations | |
| 21899033 | psychosexual stages | The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which (Freud) the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on different parts of the body. | |
| 21899034 | Oedipus complex | According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. | |
| 21899035 | identification | the process by which (Freud), children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. | |
| 21899036 | fixation | a mental set that hinders the solution of a problem | |
| 21899037 | defense mechanisms | In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. | |
| 21899038 | repression | According to Freud, the process of moving anxiety-producing memories to the unconscious. | |
| 21899039 | regression | In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. | |
| 21899040 | reaction formation | psychoanalytic defenses mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. | |
| 21899041 | projection | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others | |
| 21899042 | rationalization | defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions | |
| 21899872 | displacement | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. | |
| 21899873 | collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history | |
| 21899874 | projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one's inner thoughts and feelings | |
| 21899875 | Thematic Apperception Test | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. | |
| 21899876 | Rorschach inkblot test | The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. | |
| 21899877 | terror-management theory | proposes that faith i one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted feat of death. | |
| 21899878 | self-actualization | according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. The motivation to fulfill one's potential | |
| 21899879 | unconditional positive regard | according to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. | |
| 21899880 | self-concept | All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" | |
| 21899881 | trait | A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. | |
| 21899882 | personality inventory | a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. | |
| 21899883 | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders. | |
| 21899884 | empirically derived test | a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups | |
| 21899885 | social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context | |
| 21899886 | reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors | |
| 21899887 | personal control | our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless | |
| 21899888 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate. | |
| 21899889 | internal locus of control | the perception that one controls one's own fate. | |
| 21899890 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. | |
| 21899891 | spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). | |
| 21899892 | self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth. | |
| 21899893 | self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. | |
| 21899894 | positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. |
