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AP Psych: Cognition & Language Flashcards

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6124487920Cognitionthe process of acquiring knowledge, understanding thought, remembering, and processing information in the brain0
6130097543Metacognitionthe awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, use certain strategies to problem solve1
6124489485Formal Concepta concept that can be clearly defined by a set of rules or properties2
6130087775Natural Concepta concept that has no fixed set of defining features, but has a set of characteristic features3
6130089137Prototypea member of a natural concept that processes all or most of its characteristic features4
6130090908Schemasgeneralizations about categories of objects, places, events, and people5
6130090909Propositionsa mental representation of the relationship between concepts6
6130092903Mental Modelsa representation of particular situations or arrangements of objects that guide our interactions with them7
6130092904Scriptsschemas about familiar sequences of activies8
6130092905Creativitythe ability to create ideas that are novel and new, being able to recognize patterns, make connections, self motivated9
6130095310Convergent Thinkingtype of thinking that narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution, do not require significant creativity10
6130095311Divergent Thinkingtype of thinking that expands the number of possible solutions, creative thinking11
6130097544Algorithma systematic procedure that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem12
6130099281Heuristica time saving mental shortcut used in reasoning13
6130102796Representative Heuristica mental shortcut that involves making judgements and decisions based on how much something represents/matches up with characteristics from your schemas14
6130102797Availability Heuristica mental shortcut that involves making judgements/decisions based on information that is most easily brought to mind15
6130104908Anchoring Heuristica mental shortcut that involves basing judgements/assessing possibilities on existing information16
6130104909Insightoccurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning, a sudden discovery/realization17
6130130102Mental Setthe tendency for old patterns of problem solving persist, even when they may not be the best ones availible18
6130131828Functional Fixednessthe tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways19
6142360589Assimilationthe ability to incorporate new experiences into existing mental structures and behavior20
6142367136Accommodationthe ability to modify one's schemas based on experience, to adapt to one's environment21
6130107744Confirmation Biasthe tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one's own hypothesis than evidence that refutes it22
6142533813Belief Biaspreexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions (can be caused by groupthink)23
6130137891Belief Perserveranceclinging to beliefs in the face on contrary evidence, stubbornness24
6130137890Overconfidenceoverestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements25
6130140063Framinga cognitive bias in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented, it influences you decision26
6130140064Hindsight Biasknew-it-all-along bias, claiming one would have known the actual events were coming before they happened had they been paying attention27
6130141507Intuition28
6142254895Languageallows us to voice/communicate our thoughts29
6142254896Grammara set of rules for combining the words used in a given language30
6142254897Phonemethe smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech31
6142256866Morphemethe smallest unit of language that has meaning, parts of words make up many different words32
6142256867Semanticsrules governing the meaning of words and sentences, derive meaning from morphemes33
6142258885Syntaxthe set of rules that govern the formation of phrases and sentences in a language, the way/rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences34
6142258886Babbling Stagepatterns of meaningless sounds that babies begin to produce that resemble speech35
6142261795One Word Stagea stage of language development during which children use one word at a time, at about one year old36
6142261796Two Word Stagea stage of language development where vocabulary expands, the 2 year old child speaks in brief, 2 word sentences37
6156357333Telegraphic Speechsentences/speech that is straight to the point38
6142264390Imitationthe developing ability to mirror, repeat, and practice the actions and speech of others39
6142264391Operant Learningas children learn language, their parents praise them when they use/learn syntax, parents us positive reinforcement40
6142267853Linguistic Determinismthe idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, thought processes, categorization, memory, or perception41
6142267854Universal Grammara mechanism that allows us to identify the basic dimensions of language42
6142267855Inflectionsa change in the form of a word to express a grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender43
6142271000Specific Language Impairment (SLI)studies that provide evidence that supports claims of genetic predisposition for language44
6142271001Critical Periodtime in childhood/adolescence when we learn language more easily in other times45
6162918930Wolfgang KöhlerGestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.46
6162921753Amos Tverskycognitive psychologist who studied availability and representative HEURISTICS; Studied systematic human bias and handling of risk; worked to develop "prospective theory" which explains irrational human economic choices47
6162923925Daniel Kahnemanpsychologist who, along with Amos Tversky, conducted research to discover factors that influence human judgment and decision making; he won the Nobel Prize for this work in 200248
6162928492Steve Pinkerargued that grammar is an innate algorithm evolved by NS that requires a few parameters to be set by language experience49
6162931623Noam Chomskylanguage development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language50
6162941061Paul Brocathe part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscles involved in speech was named for him, because he first identified it51
6162943437Carl Wernickean area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it52
6162944959Benjamin Lee WharfFamous for describing concept of "linguistic determinism" (language molds cognition and perception)53

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