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| 9796594537 | Cognition | Mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information Ex. Learning how to say a word in a foreign language | 0 | |
| 9796594538 | Concepts | Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people Ex. Address grouped into (country, city, street, house) | 1 | |
| 9796594539 | Prototypes | The model or best example of a category Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category Ex. Prototypical bird is an eagle not a penguin | 2 | |
| 9796594540 | Metacognition | "Knowing about knowing"- awareness and understanding of one's own thought process Generally comes in two forms: Knowledge about cognition Regulation of cognition Ex. awareness that you have difficulty remembering people's names in social situations | 3 | |
| 9796594541 | Algorithms | Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Less error prone but slower than heuristics Ex. Putting a math equation into a formula | 4 | |
| 9796594542 | Heuristics | "Rule-of-thumb" strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently Usually speedier than algorithms More error-prone than algorithms Ex. Using google, information can sometimes be wrong | 5 | |
| 9796594543 | Mental Sets | Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way Especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem Ex. Being in a building with many push doors and coming across a pull door, you go to push and don't know what to do when it doesn't work | 6 | |
| 9796594544 | Functional Fixedness | Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions Impediment to problem solving Ex. You have a screwdriver and a soda without a bottle opener, not using the screwdriver to open the soda because you think it can only be used to screw in nails | 7 | |
| 9796594545 | The effect of framing on decisions | The way an issue is posed How an issue is framed can significantly affect your decisions and judgement Ex. You are more likely to buy a product that says 90% fat-free, than if it contains 10% fat | 8 | |
| 9796594546 | Hindsight bias | The tendency to falsely report, after the event, that we correctly predicted the outcome of the event Ex. After a coach makes a bad play you say in retrospect that you knew all along that that play wouldn't have played out | 9 | |
| 9796594547 | Self-serving bias | Perpetual process that's distorted by the need to maintain/enhance high self-esteem Personal credit for success and blaming others for failure Ex. A on a test | 10 | |
| 9796594573 | I'm smart -- D on a test | 11 | ||
| 9796594574 | Bad teacher | 12 | ||
| 9796594548 | Confirmation bias | Tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions or only the information that supports our ideas Ex. If you support Trump, you are only going to listen to conservative media that support Trump | 13 | |
| 9796594549 | Belief perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited Ex. Continuing to believe, after the 9/11 attacks, that all Muslims are terrorists. That is not the case! | 14 | |
| 9796594550 | The availability heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability If instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common Ex. Many people think nothing of taking a ride in a car but are afraid to fly in an airplane because they think it is so dangerous-- We are in fact far less likely to die as a result of flying in an airplane | 15 | |
| 9796594551 | The representativeness heuristic | Rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes or schemas May lead one to ignore other relevant information Ex. Thinking a 5'7", 155 lb. man who wears glasses and attends poetry readings is more likely to be an Ivy League Professor vs. a truck driver | 16 | |
| 9796594552 | The anchoring effect | Common human tendency to rely heavily on 1st piece of info offered when making decisions Once anchor is set, other judgements are made by adjusting away from that anchor and there's bias towards other info Ex. Negotiating down a price of a car may make it seem cheap, even though it's overpriced | 17 | |
| 9796594553 | Divergent thinking | Thought process used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions Ex. Brainstorming, freewriting | 18 | |
| 9796594554 | Convergent thinking | Thought process that follows a particular set of logical steps to arrive at one solution Ex. Doing proofs in geometry | 19 | |
| 9796594555 | Language | Our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning | 20 | |
| 9796594556 | Phonemes | In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Ex. In the word farm-- "f"- "ar" - "m" | 21 | |
| 9796594557 | Morphemes | In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning May be a word or a part of a word (prefix/suffix) Ex. In the word farmer-- "farm" (a word) - "er" (suffix) | 22 | |
| 9796594558 | Grammar | A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others Ex. Saying "ing" at the end of a word to put what you are saying in the present tense | 23 | |
| 9796594559 | Syntax | The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language Particular word order of a language Ex. A sentence that lacks proper syntax would be "a yellow, big balloon" -- doesn't sound right | 24 | |
| 9796594560 | Semantics | The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language Also, the study of meaning Ex. The words "destination" and "last stop" sound different but our brain associates them with the same meaning | 25 | |
| 9796594561 | Babbling | Beginning at 3 to 4 months The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language Ex. "Baba" or "bobo" | 26 | |
| 9796594562 | Holophrastic speech | (one word stage) From about age 1-2 Stage in which speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words Ex. Pointing outside and saying, "Go!" | 27 | |
| 9796594563 | Telegraphic speech | Early speech stage in which the child speaks in a telegram Ex. "Go car" Using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words | 28 | |
| 9796594564 | Critical Period Theory | If children are not exposed to language before adolescence they will be unable to acquire language Noam Chomsky believes children can't acquire language after this period Ex. Genie: Girl who was left in a room for close to ten years and had trouble learning to speak ever | 29 | |
| 9796594565 | Chomsky and "nativism" (The L.A.D.) | On the nature side of the nature vs. nurture debate Claims children generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard of and thus can't be imitating Theorized we must have a kind of language acquisition device (LAD) in our brains that allows us to soak up language Ex. People believing Genie would not be able to learn language | 30 | |
| 9796594566 | Surface structure of language | Outward form of a sentence Corresponds to the version of a sentence that can be spoken and heard Ex. You closed the door, the door is closed by you, close the door | 31 | |
| 9796594567 | Deep structure of language | Underlying syntactic structure of a sentence Abstract representation that identifies the ways a sentence can be analyzed Ex. The bear was chased by the lion | 32 | |
| 9796594568 | Broca's Area | One of the main areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for producing language Controls motor function involved with speech production Ex. People who have had damage in that area have problems with articulating and being able to generate language | 33 | |
| 9796594569 | Wernicke's Area | Connected to the Broca's Area of the brain, region of the brain where spoken language is understood Ex. People who have had damage in that area have problems understanding the meaning of what others are saying to them | 34 | |
| 9796594570 | The Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis | Links right into linguistic relativity Correlated with Benjamin Whorf More information below** | 35 | |
| 9796594571 | Linguistic relativity | Hypothesis: Our language guides and determines our thinking Ex. John is referred to as a "male nurse" and mary just as a "nurse" → Language is guiding our thinking because we think of nurses as female | 36 | |
| 9796594572 | Skinner and Bandura | How do we acquire language?: Both are on the nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate Argued that we develop language by imitating the sounds we hear to create words (behaviorism) → Observational learning Ex. Those that believed Genie would be able to learn language | 37 |
