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| 54840998 | cross sectional research | compare groups of people of various ages on similar task--can reveal the average age of certain skills and abilities. (used more frequently) |  |
| 54840999 | continuous growth | gradual process--growth happens slowly |  |
| 54841000 | discontinuous growth | growth happens in leaps or spurts |  |
| 54841001 | critical period | time during which a skill or ability must develop or it probably never will (Language by age 12) |  |
| 54841002 | chronological age | time since you were born |  |
| 54841003 | biological age | physical health (organs, diseases, accidents, nutrition, exercise) |  |
| 54841004 | psychological age | affected by experiences and predispositions |  |
| 54841005 | social age | roles and peer groups |  |
| 54841006 | germinal stage | sperm and ovum unite to form a zygote (2 weeks), it then implants in the uterine wall |  |
| 54841007 | embryonic stage | (to 8th week), organ formation; about 1.5 inches long |  |
| 54841008 | fetal stage | (2-9 months) male and female/ brain and nervous system |  |
| 54841009 | teratogens | harmful substances that cross the placenta to affect the baby |  |
| 54841010 | rooting reflex | when touched on the cheek, a baby will turn his or her head to the side where he or she felt the touch and seek to put the object into his or her mouth. |  |
| 54841011 | sucking reflex | when an object is placed into the baby's mouth, the infant will suck on it. (The combination of the rooting and sucking reflexes obviously help babies eat.) |  |
| 54844597 | grasping reflex | If an object is placed into a baby's palm or foot pad, the baby would try to grasp the objects with his or her finger or toes |  |
| 54844598 | Moro reflex | when startled a baby will fling his or her limbs out and then quickly react them, making himself or herself as small as possible |  |
| 54844599 | Babinski reflex | when a baby's foot is stroked, he or she will spread the toes |  |
| 54844600 | gross motor skills | large muscles (run, skip, throw, climb, hitting, punching) boys develop more quickly |  |
| 54844601 | fine motor skills | small muscles ( finger painting, coloring, cutting, tying shoes) girls develop more quickly |  |
| 54844602 | Jean Piaget | Brilliant observer of children- children make constant mental adaptations to new observations experiments, equilibration is a child's attempt to reach a balance between what the child encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures the child brings to the situation |  |
| 54844603 | assimilation | incorporating new ideas into existing schema |  |
| 54844604 | sensorimotor stage | Acquires understanding of object permanence. First understandings of cause-and-effect relationships. |  |
| 54844605 | accomadation | modify existing schema to fit better with new information |  |
| 54844606 | preoperational stage | symbolic thought emerges, Language development occurs ( 2-4 years). Thought and language both tend to be egocentrics. cannot solve conservation problems |  |
| 54844607 | concrete operations stage | reversibility attained, can solve conservation problems. logical thought develops and it applied to concrete problems. Cannot solve complex verbal problems and hypothetical problems. |  |
| 54844608 | formal operations | logically solves all types of problems. Thinks scientifically. Solves complex verbal and hypothetical problems. Is able to thinks in abstract terms |  |
| 54844609 | Lev Vygotsky | emphasized the social culture influences on children's cognitive development. Nurture is important in development, especially the adult in the child's life and the culture. |  |
| 54844610 | scaffolding | change support to fit the needs of a child ( new learning needs lots of support) |  |
| 54844611 | fluid intelligence | the capacity foe deductive reasoning and the ability to use info to solve problems |  |
| 54844612 | attachment | crucial to health and survival; by becoming attached to the caregivers children gain a secure base from which they can explore the environment and a haven of safety to return to. |  |
| 54844613 | Margaret and Harry Harlow | contact comfort experiment with monkeys (one "mom" is just wires, the other is wires with fur) |  |
| 54844614 | socialization | children learn the rules and behaviors expected of them by society. |  |
| 54844615 | Mary Ainsworth | used experimental method called strange situation: placed infants in new situations; parents left for a short time. |  |
| 54844616 | authoritarian parenting style | strict standards for children's behavior/ punishment for violating the rules/ obey without much communication/ respects hard work and effort/ "My way"/ may distrust others and withdraw. |  |
| 54844617 | authoritative parenting style | constant, reasonable standards with expectations/ encourage independence but don't break the rules/ warm and nurturing/ socially capable and do well academically |  |
| 54844618 | permissive parenting style | a parenting style that allows freedom, lax parenting that doesn't set limits or enforce rules constantly |  |
| 54844619 | Michael Lamb | 1998. importance is quality of daycare not the daycare itself. |  |
| 54844620 | Erik Erikson | Psychosocial theory: crisis in each stage must be resolved to move on. challenges are present in one form or another throughout life. |  |
| 54844621 | psychosocial theory stages | crisis in each stage must be resolved to move on. challenges are present in one form or another throughout life. Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Identity diffusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair |  |
| 54844622 | gender identity | the fundamental sense of being male or female regardless of what is worn or behavior involved |  |
| 54844623 | gender typing | Societies ideas about behaviors, interests and abilities that are appropriately masculine or feminine |  |
| 54844624 | Lawrence Kohlberg | 1960's inspired by Piaget's work created a stage theory of moral development which creates hypothetical dilemmas. |  |
| 54844625 | preconventional level | Moral reasoning is guided by external consequences. No internalization of values or rules. |  |
| 54844626 | conventional level | Moral reasoning is guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations that the person has learned and internalized |  |
| 54844627 | postconventional level | Moral reasoning is guided by internalized legal and moral principles that protect the rights of all members of society. |  |
| 54844628 | Carol Gilligan | Men base moral choices on abstract principles of law and justice (conventional) Women base on compassion/ caring (postconventional). Problems- no meta analysis/implies moral reasoning is fixed. |  |
| 54844629 | puberty | The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction. |  |
| 54844630 | adolescence | the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development, extending mainly over the teen years and terminatinglegally when the age of majority is reached; youth. |  |
| 54844631 | adulthood | having attained full size and strength; grown up; mature: an adult person, animal, or plant. |  |
| 54844632 | social clock | a cultural specific timetable for events to occur. Events include marriage, having children, etc. |  |
| 54844633 | euthanasia | painlessly putting to death people who are suffering from incurable diseases or sever disabilities (Mercy Killing) |  |
| 54844634 | Elizabeth Kubler Ross | Stages of dying |  |
| 54844635 | thanatologists | studies death and dying. The context in which people die is important. |  |
| 54844636 | critical period for language | age 12 |  |
| 54844637 | conservation | one of Piaget's developmental accomplishments, in which the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass. |  |
| 54844638 | classification | Piaget, putting things into groups |  |
