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| 22870095 | developmental psychology | study of physical, intellectual, social, and moral changes across the lifespan from conception to death | 0 | |
| 22870096 | nature-nuture controversy | deals with the extent to which heredity and the environment each influence behavior | 1 | |
| 22870097 | continuity-discontinuity controversy | deals with the issue of whether development is gradual, continuous process or sequence of separate stages | 2 | |
| 22870098 | stability-change controversy | deals with the issue of whether or not personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the lifespan | 3 | |
| 22870099 | cross-sectional | different age groups are tested at the same time | 4 | |
| 22870100 | longitudinal | same participants are tested multiple times with same or similar tests | 5 | |
| 22870101 | cohort sequential | combines cross ectional and longitudinal to correct for cohort effect | 6 | |
| 22871416 | cohort effect | observed group differences based on the era when people were born and grew up, exposing them to particular experiences that may affect results of cross-sectional studies | 7 | |
| 22871417 | critical period | a time interval during which specific stimuli have a major effect on development that the stimuli do not produce at other times | 8 | |
| 22871418 | prenatal development | period of development that begins with fertilization or ceonception and ends with birth | 9 | |
| 22871419 | zygote | a fertilized ovum with the genetic instructions for a new indiviual, normally contained in 46 chromosomes | 10 | |
| 22871420 | embryo | the developmental prenatal stage(from about 2 weeks through 2 months after fertilization) when most organ development begins | 11 | |
| 22871421 | fetus | the developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth when organ systems begin to interact; sex organs and sense organs become refined | 12 | |
| 22871422 | teratogen | harmful substances (drugs and viruses) during the prenatal period that can cause birth defects | 13 | |
| 22871423 | fetal alcohol syndrome | a cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies of mothers who drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy, which includes low intelligence, small head with flat face, misshapen eyes, flat nose, and thin upper lip, as well as some degree of intellectual impairment | 14 | |
| 22871424 | neonate | newborn baby from birth to 1 month old; shows reflexive behavior | 15 | |
| 22871425 | reflex | the simplest form of behavior | 16 | |
| 22871426 | rooting reflex | the newborn's tendency to move its head when stroked on the cheek, turn toward the stimulus as if searching for a nipple, and open its mouth | 17 | |
| 22871427 | sucking reflex | the automatic response of drawing in anything at the mouth | 18 | |
| 22871428 | swallowing reflex | automatic contraction of throat muscles that enables food to pass into the esophagus without choking | 19 | |
| 22871429 | grasping reflex | infant closes his or her fingers tightly around an object put in hand | 20 | |
| 22871430 | moro or startle reflex | when exposed to a loud noise or sudden drop, the neonate automatically arches his or her back, flings his or her limbs out, and quickly retracts them | 21 | |
| 22871431 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus | 22 | |
| 22871432 | puberty | the early adolescent period, marked by accelerated growth and onset of the ability to reproduce | 23 | |
| 22871433 | primary sex characteristics | the reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, and testes) and external genitals (vulva and penis) | 24 | |
| 22871434 | secondary sex characteristics | the nonreproductive sexual characteristics including developed breasts in females; facial hair, adams apple, deepened voice in males; and pubic hair and underarm hair in both | 25 | |
| 22871435 | menarche | first menstrual period at about age 12.5, marks female fertility. male fertility is marked by ejaculation of semen with viable sperm at about age 14. adolescent brain changes include selective pruning of dendrites and development of emotional limbic system and frontal lobes | 26 | |
| 22871436 | menopause | the cessation of the ability to reproduce accompanied by a decrease in production of female sex hormones; occurs at about age 50 | 27 | |
| 22871437 | schema | framework of basic ideas and preconceptions about people, objects, and events based on past experience in long-term memory | 28 | |
| 22871438 | assimilation | process by which we incorporate new informatio ninto our existing cognitive structures or schemas | 29 | |
| 22871439 | accommodation | process by which we modify our schemas to fit new info | 30 | |
| 22871440 | sensorimotor stage | piaget's first stage (0-2) during which the infant experiences the world through sense and action patterns; progresses from reflexes to object permanence and symbolic thinking | 31 | |
| 22871441 | object permanence | awareness that objects still exist when out of sight | 32 | |
| 22871442 | preoperational stage | piaget's second stage of cognitive development(2-7) during which the child represents and manipulates objects with symbols and is egocentric | 33 | |
| 22871443 | egocentrism | seeing the world from one's own perspective; the inability to see reality from the persepctive of another person, characteristic of the preoperatinal child | 34 | |
| 22871444 | animism | belief of preoperational child that all things are living | 35 | |
| 22871445 | artificialism | the belief of the preoperational child that all objects are made by people | 36 | |
| 22871446 | concrete operational stage | piaget's third stage(7-12) during which the child develops simple logic and masters conservation concepts | 37 | |
| 22871447 | formal operational stage | piaget's fourth stage(12+) during which the child begins to think logically about abstract concepts and engages in hypotheical thinking | 38 | |
| 22871550 | conservation concept | changes in the form of an object do not alter physical properties such as mass, volume, number | 39 | |
| 22871551 | internalization | the process of absorbing information from specified social environmental context | 40 | |
| 22871552 | zone of proximal development | the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children | 41 | |
| 22871553 | alzheimer's disease | a fatal degenerate disease in which brain neurons progressively die, causing loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, control of bodily functions, then death | 42 | |
| 22872903 | moral development | growth in ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically | 43 | |
| 22872904 | preconventional level | when at the preoperational stage of cognitive development do the right thing to fhirst avoid punish punishment, obey authority and two, further self-interests, gain reward | 44 | |
| 22872905 | lawrence kohlberg's theory of moral development | moral thinking develops in stages as cognitive abilities develop | 45 | |
| 22872906 | conventional level | when at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development or formal operational stage for most people 3- conform, live up to expectations of others 4-maintain law and order, do your duty | 46 | |
| 22872907 | postconventional level | reached by only some people in the formal operational stage 5-social contract, promote the society's welfare 6-promote justice | 47 | |
| 22872908 | culture | behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next within a broup of people who share a common language and environment | 48 | |
| 22872909 | bonding | creation of close emotional relationship between mother and baby shortly after birth | 49 | |
| 22872910 | attachment | a close emtional bond or relationship between the infant and caregiver | 50 | |
| 22872911 | secure attachment | after absence baby is happy to see mother, receptive to her contact | 51 | |
| 22872912 | insecure attachment | after absence baby is angry and rejecting of mother, avoids her, ignores her, or behaves inconsistently | 52 | |
| 22872913 | temperament | an infant's natural disposition to show a particular mood at a particular intensity for a specific period easy babies and difficult babies | 53 | |
| 22872914 | self-awareness | consciousness of oneself as a person | 54 | |
| 22872915 | social referencing | observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance | 55 | |
| 22872916 | authoritarian parenting style | sets up absolute and restrictive rules accompanied by punishment for disobedience | 56 | |
| 22872917 | authoritative parenting style | focuses on flexible rules for which reasons are generally given. parents are warm and nuture independence within guidelines | 57 | |
| 22872918 | permissive parenting style | sets no firm guidelines for behavior and tends to give in to demands of child | 58 | |
| 22872919 | gender | sociocultural dimension of being biologically male or female | 59 | |
| 22872920 | gender roles | sets of expectations that prescrbe how males anf females should act, think, feel | 60 | |
| 22872921 | gender identity | person's sense of being male or female | 61 | |
| 22872922 | gender stability | child's understanding that his/her sex won't change even if he/she acts like the opposite sex | 62 | |
| 22872923 | gender schema | mental set of what society considers appropriate behavior for each of the sexes | 63 | |
| 22872924 | gender role stereotypes | broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about males and females | 64 | |
| 22872925 | androgyny | the presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in one individual | 65 |
