AP PSYCH MIDTERM
Terms : Hide Images
| 623687924 | Tabula Rasa | people are born as a blank slate | |
| 623687925 | Empiricism | see knowledge as coming through experience and observation not speculation (experimentation) | |
| 623687926 | Empirical research | perform experiments to gather and analyze info about psychological phenomena | |
| 623687927 | Wundt | established the first psych lab in Germany, developed introspection: "inward looking", studied consciousness: the immediate experience rising from sensory-perceptual systems | |
| 623687928 | Kohler | Gestalt psychology: looking at the big picture, consciousness is best understood by observing it as a total experience | |
| 623687929 | Titchener | a student of Wundt, structuralism: approach that defines structure of consciousness, look at individual pieces | |
| 623687930 | Freud | psychoanalysis: theory of personality and mental disorder, personality developed by experiences, human behavior determined by irrational drives, all behavior is motivated by psychological processes (unconscious conflicts) | |
| 623687931 | James | influenced by evolution, founded first US psych lab at Harvard University, developed functionalism: what is the function, focused on ongoing stream of consciousness, ever changing pattern of images, sensations, memories | |
| 623687932 | Watson | behaviorism: recognized existence of consciousness but considered it useless as a target of research since it was private and unobserved by scientific method, learning is most important to determine behavior | |
| 623687933 | Skinner | developed operant conditioning: how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior | |
| 623687934 | Biological | emphasizes activity of the nervous system, especially of the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics | |
| 623687935 | Evolutionary | emphasizes the ways in which behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival | |
| 623687936 | Psychodynamic | emphasizes internal conflicts mostly unconscious which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression | |
| 623687937 | Behavioral | emphasizes learning, especially each person's experience with rewards and punishments | |
| 623687938 | Cognitive | emphasizes mechanisms through which people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information | |
| 623687939 | Humanistic | emphasizes individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in guiding behavior and mental processes | |
| 623687940 | Operational definition | specifically defining variables so that they are measurable (Ex. # of smiles per minutes to measure happiness) | |
| 623687941 | Theory | tentative explanation of behavior and mental processes | |
| 623687942 | Independent variable | manipulate/controlled by the experimenter | |
| 623687943 | Dependent variable | measurement of the consequences of IV | |
| 623687944 | Random assignment | each person has an equal chance of being placed in control or experimental group | |
| 623687945 | Confounding variables | uncontrolled factors that may have affected results | |
| 623687946 | Placebo effect | participants believe they are feeling better due to treatment (with no active ingredient) | |
| 623687947 | Single blind study | avoid subject bias | |
| 623687948 | Double blind study | eliminates experimenter bias as well as subject bias | |
| 623687949 | Random sample | randomly selecting from population of study | |
| 623687950 | Representative sample | group of people who represent a larger population | |
| 623687951 | Quasi experiment | used when a true experiment is impossible or unethical (no random sampling) | |
| 623687952 | Naturalistic observations | observing people/animals in natural environment without interference | |
| 623687953 | Positives | natural behavior, inexpensive | |
| 623687954 | Negatives | no control, no questions, time consuming | |
| 623687955 | Survey method | questionnaire used to gather opinions, beliefs, behaviors | |
| 623687956 | Positives | large populations, fast and efficient, inexpensive | |
| 623687957 | Negative | generalizing, some people lie, framing of questions | |
| 623687958 | Correlation | relationship between 2 variables *cannot imply causation | |
| 623687959 | Illusory correlation | seeing a relationship between variables when none exists | |
| 623687960 | Confirmation bias | tendency for people to favor information that confirms their theory | |
| 623687961 | Framing | ask a question in a certain way that affects the way the subject answer it | |
| 623687962 | Ethics | accurately reports results, minimize subjects discomfort, informed consent, must debrief subjects after participation | |
| 623687963 | Scientific method | develop theory, hypothesis, observation, test, refine, theory, replicate | |
| 623687964 | Statistics | ... | |
| 623687965 | Descriptive statistics | measures of central tendency, measures of variability | |
| 623687966 | Mean | average | |
| 623687967 | Median | middle number | |
| 623687968 | Mode | most frequent number | |
| 623687969 | Range | highest number to lowest number | |
| 623687970 | Standard deviation | measure average difference between each score and the mean LOOK AT NOTES FOR GRAPH | |
| 623687971 | Percentile scores | ... | |
| 623687972 | Correlation | positive (same direction) or negative (opposite direction) | |
| 623687973 | Correlation coefficient | strength and direction of relationship between 2 variables | |
| 623687974 | Statistical significance | significant: results not due to chance, insignificant: results due to chance | |
| 623687975 | When can you generalize from a sample? | ... | |
| 623687976 | Biological Aspects of Psychology | ... | |
| 623687977 | Parts of a neuron | cell body (nucleus), dendrites (receive messages), axons (sends message away), synapse (space between neutrons through which the message travels), neurotransmitter (chemicals that carry a message), myelin (fatty substance surrounding the axon, more=faster) | |
| 623687978 | Neural impulse | sending a message | |
| 623687979 | Neurons are polarized when resting | ... | |
| 623687980 | When an action potential passes sodium channels open | ... | |
| 623687981 | Sodium ions rush into the axon, further depolarizing it (positive ions come inside) | ... | |
| 623687982 | Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are pushed to end of axon and open into the synapse | ... | |
| 623687983 | Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse to bind with receptors on dendrites of next neuron | ... | |
| 623687984 | Neuron then returns to a resting state (refractory period=polarized) | ... | |
| 623687985 | Glial cells | hold neurons in place, repair/clean up damage | |
| 623687986 | Myelin sheath | fatty substance surrounds the axon (more=faster signal) | |
| 623687987 | Neurotransmitters | ... | |
| 623687988 | Acetylcholine | memory (low=Alzheimers) | |
| 623687989 | Norepinephrine | arousal | |
| 623687990 | Serotonin | mood or emotions, sleep, appetite (low=depression, high=mania, low/high=bipolar) | |
| 623687991 | Dopamine | initiation of movements and experiencing pleasure (high=schizophrenia, low=Parkinson's disease) | |
| 623687992 | GABA | inhibitory (not to fire) neurotransmitters (low=Huntington's disease) | |
| 623687993 | Glutamate | excitatory neurotransmitters (fire), strengthening connections and learning | |
| 623687994 | Endorphins | pain killers | |
| 623687995 | "All | or-none" Principle-if the stimulus is above a certain threshold then it will fire and there will either be a full response or none at all | |
| 623687996 | Peripheral nervous system | ... | |
| 623687997 | Somatic system | ... | |
| 623687998 | sensory system brings in environment info (see, hear, taste, smell) ex. Hearing music | ... | |
| 623687999 | motor system sends messages to muscles ex. dancing | ... | |
| 623688000 | Autonomic system | automatic functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure | |
| 623688001 | Sympathetic system | prepares body for action (increases) | |
| 623688002 | Parasympathetic system | conserves body's energy (decreases) | |
| 623688003 | Central nervous system | ... | |
| 623688004 | Spinal cord | carries messages to and from brain, controls reflexes *sensory messages travel to spinal cord, back to body part needing reflex, then back to brain | |
| 623688005 | Brain | ... | |
| 623688006 | Hindbrain | ... | |
| 623688007 | Medulla | vital functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure) | |
| 623688008 | Reticular formation | arousal, alertness, awareness | |
| 623688009 | Cerebellum | coordination, movement, balance | |
| 623688010 | Pons | sleep and dreaming | |
| 623688011 | Locus coeruleus | stress and panic responses | |
| 623688012 | Midbrain | ... | |
| 623688013 | Substantia nigra | initiate smooth movement | |
| 623688014 | Striatum | initiate smooth movement | |
| 623688015 | Forebrain | ... | |
| 623688016 | Thalamus | central relay station for all senses (except smell) | |
| 623688017 | Hypothalamus | basic drives (hunger, thirst, sex) | |
| 623688018 | Amygdala | emotions, specifically fear and aggression | |
| 623688019 | Hippocampus | formation of memories | |
| 623688020 | Cerebral Cortex | ... | |
| 623688021 | Frontal lobe | decision making, personality, high level though, MOTOR CORTEX | |
| 623688022 | Parietal lobe | sense of touch, SENSORY CORTEX | |
| 623688023 | Occipital lobe | vision, VISUAL CORTEX | |
| 623688024 | Temporal lobe | hearing, AUDITORY CORTEX | |
| 623688025 | Somatosensory cortex | touch, temperature, pain, kinesthesia, vestibular sense | |
| 623688026 | Association cortexes | ... | |
| 623688027 | Broca's area | left frontal lobe, production of speech | |
| 623688028 | Wernicke's area | left temporal lobe, understanding and interpreting speech | |
| 623688029 | Limbic system | basic emotions and drives | |
| 623688030 | Brain imaging | ... | |
| 623688031 | EEG | neural activity (brain waves) | |
| 623688032 | CAT scan | uses X rays to take brain photographs | |
| 623688033 | MRI | 3D images of tissue (all parts of the body) | |
| 623688034 | PET scan | chemical activity in different regions of brain | |
| 623688035 | fMRI | detects neural activity in different brain regions in seconds, f=functional | |
| 623688036 | Left brain | controls right side, speech/language, logic, math and science, organization, planning | |
| 623688037 | Right brain | controls left side, creativity, spatial skills, face recognition | |
| 623688038 | Split brain studies | (Gazzaniga) damage to the left hemisphere impairs the ability to use or comprehend language | |
| 623688039 | Corpus callosum | bundle of nerves connecting left and right hemispheres of brain so each side can communicate with each other | |
| 623688040 | Endocrine system | glands and hormones (used to communicate), tissues and organs | |
| 623688041 | Sensation | ... | |
| 623688042 | Pathway of sensory information | accessory structure transduction (transforming incoming energy into neural activity)thalamus (except smell)parts of cerebral cortex | |
| 623688043 | Transduction | transforming incoming energy into neural activity | |
| 623688044 | Adaptation | responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus decreases over time | |
| 623688045 | Temporal codes | changes in rate/timing of neural activity | |
| 623688046 | Spatial codes | physical location of neural activity | |
| 623688047 | Amplitude | loudness (measured in decibels) | |
| 623688048 | Wave length | length of the wave | |
| 623688049 | Frequency | pitch/wavelength (measured in Hertz) | |
| 623688050 | Timbre | quality of sound | |
| 623688051 | Auditory transduction | pinna (outer ear)funnels in sound wavewaves travel through ear canalwaves strike tympanic membrane (ear drum)vibrations occur in 3 little bonesvibrations pass through oval windowmove the hair cells (cilia) on basilar membrane in the cochlea*transductionhair cells movement causes neuron activity in auditory nervethalamusauditory cortex in temporal lobe | |
| 623688052 | Deafness | conduction: problems with the 3 little bones, nerve: problems with auditory nerve or damage to hair cells | |
| 623688053 | Place Theory | hair cells at particular location on basilar membrane respond most to certain frequencies *high frequency | |
| 623688054 | Frequency matching (volley) theory | firing rate of neuron in auditory nerve matches frequency of sound wave | |
| 623688055 | Hue | shade of color (wavelength) | |
| 623688056 | Brightness | intensity of color (amplitude) | |
| 623688057 | Pathway of light | lightwaves enter cornea (outer covering of eye)pupil (opening to eye)iris (colored muscle, works with pupil)lens (focus image)retina (back wall of eye)photoreceptors (rods and cones) *transductionbipolar cellsbipolar cellsganglion cellsoptic nervethalamusoccipital lobe (visual cortex) | |
| 623688058 | Rods | black and white, peripheral | |
| 623688059 | Cones | color | |
| 623688060 | Fovea | highest concentration of cones on the retina and focuses most images here because gives greatest acuity | |
| 623688061 | Blind spot | where optic nerve leaves eye, no receptors/wall to focus image on | |
| 623688062 | Hue | shade of color (wavelength) | |
| 623688063 | Saturation | purity of color | |
| 623688064 | Brightness | intensity of color (amplitude) | |
| 623688065 | Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision | (Young-Helmholtz Theory) | |
| 623688066 | 3 cones each responds to broad range of wavelengths, but each is most sensitive to particular wavelength | ... | |
| 623688067 | Short wavelength responds to blue | ... | |
| 623688068 | Medium wavelength to green | ... | |
| 623688069 | Long wavelength to red | ... | |
| 623688070 | Opponent Process Theory of Color Process | visual elements sensitive to color are grouped into 3 pairs and members oppose (inhibit) each other | |
| 623688071 | RedGreen | ... | |
| 623688072 | BlackWhite | ... | |
| 623688073 | Blueyellow | ... | |
| 623688074 | Colorblindness | caused by gene mutation, discriminate of fewer colors than other people, cones lack color sensitive pigments for red, green, or blue | |
| 623688075 | Visual Pathways | optic chiasm is where optic nerve of each eye crosses over to the other side, neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus send visual input to visual cortex in occipital lobe | |
| 623688076 | Parallel Processing | simultaneously, LGN is organized into layers, each layer maps out retina and responds simultaneously to a different aspect of visual stimuli ex. Form, color, movement, distance | |
| 623688077 | Feature Detectors | cells in visual cortex respond to specific characteristics of objects in visual field | |
| 623688078 | Olfaction | airborne chemicals are detected by receptor cells in upper nose, axons from nose travel to olfactory bulb, from olfactory bulb axons spread to many areas of the brain (amygdala) | |
| 623688079 | Pheromones | chemicals that shape the behavior/physiology of animals. Detected by vomeronasal organ | |
| 623688080 | Gustation | (taste) papillae contain receptors for taste (taste buds), each taste bud responds best to one or two of the following tastes but weakly to other categories: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, each taste produces different neural activity | |
| 623688081 | Touch receptors | ... | |
| 623688082 | Receptors near surface of skin that responds to mechanical deformation of skin (fingers are most sensitive to pressure) | ... | |
| 623688083 | When in constant contact with stimulus, adaptation occurs by decreasing rate at which receptors are fired | ... | |
| 623688084 | Info about weight and vibration of a stimulus is coded by # of nerves stimulated and frequency at which individual nerves fire | ... | |
| 623688085 | Location coded by organization of info, which is topographical and contralateralized (criss | crossed and flip flopped) which tells brain where you've been touched | |
| 623688086 | Skin receptors sensitive to warm and cold | ... | |
| 623688087 | Gate control theory of pain | pain can be blocked at spinal cord. Other sensory info (aside from pain) can complete and take over pain pathways | |
| 623688088 | Kinesthesia | awareness of the position and movements of parts of the body | |
| 623688089 | Vestibular system | balance and spatial orientation | |
| 623688090 | Synesthesia | joined perception, "cross talk" of senses | |
| 623688091 | Perception | ... | |
| 623688092 | Absolute threshold | minimum amount of energy needed from a stimulus to detect it is there, supraliminal: above threshold, subliminal: below threshold=not detected | |
| 623688093 | Signal detection theory | ... | |
| 623688094 | Stimulus present | ... | |
| 623688095 | Yes No | ... | |
| 623688096 | Stimulus No miss correct rejection | ... | |
| 623688097 | detected Yes hit false alarm | ... | |
| 623688098 | Weber's Law | JND is a fixed proportion (K) of the intensity of stimulus | |
| 623688099 | Fechner's Law | constant increases in energy will produce smaller increases in perceived stimulus | |
| 623688100 | Figure ground processing | foreground and background | |
| 623688101 | Interposition | object blocked by other object | |
| 623688102 | Relative size | far away objects look small | |
| 623688103 | Texture gradient | detail lessens farther away | |
| 623688104 | Linear perspective | lines go closer together as it goes farther away | |
| 623688105 | Binocular disparity | combining images from both eyes to perceive depth | |
| 623688106 | Convergence | eyes converge more when close than far | |
| 623688107 | Motion parallax | objects further away move slowly while objects closer more quickly | |
| 623688108 | Looming | images get bigger on retinal wall as stimulus approaches | |
| 623688109 | Stroboscopic motion | illusion in which we perceive continual movement from a series of still images | |
| 623688110 | Perceptual constancy | ability to perceive sameness even if image on retina changes (size, shape, brightness) | |
| 623688111 | Bottom up processing | integrating specific, detailed information into a whole perception *usually accurate (babies use this) | |
| 623688112 | Top down processing | using our knowledge, experience, and expectations for perception *can be both accurate and inaccurate (adults use this) | |
| 623688113 | Schemas | mental representations of objects/situations created through experience. These can create a perceptual set, which is a predisposition to perceive a stimulus in a certain way | |
| 623688114 | Visual cliff | used apparatus to determine whether depth perception is innate, found that infants can perceive depth around 10 months old | |
| 623688115 | Habituation | it is the decrease of a conditioned response after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus | |
| 623688116 | Learning | ... | |
| 623688117 | Classical conditioning | Pavlov | |
| 623688118 | UCSUCR | ... | |
| 623688119 | NS+UCSUCR | ... | |
| 623688120 | CSCR | ... | |
| 623688121 | Extinction | CR gets weaker and eventually disappears | |
| 623688122 | Reconditioning | relationship between CS and UCS is relearned (much faster) | |
| 623688123 | Spontaneous recovery | after CR has gone extinct, a single presentation of CS elicits CR | |
| 623688124 | Thorndike | Law of Effect: if a response is followed by a reward, response is more likely to occur again | |
| 623688125 | Skinner | interested in the rate of learning, developed "operant conditioning" | |
| 623688126 | Positive reinforcement | addition of something pleasurable to increase a behavior | |
| 623688127 | Negative reinforcement | removal of something unwanted | |
| 623688128 | Escape conditioning | learn behaviors that lead to an escape from an unpleasant situation | |
| 623688129 | Avoidance conditioning | learn behaviors to avoid an unpleasant situation | |
| 623688130 | Positive Punishment | addition of something unpleasant to decrease a behavior | |
| 623688131 | Negative Punishment | removal of something desired to decrease a behavior | |
| 623688132 | Secondary reinforcement | learned rewards ex. Money | |
| 623688133 | Primary reinforcement | inherently rewarding ex. Food, water, love | |
| 623688134 | Shaping | reinforce successive approximations of the desired behavior ex. Cheerios in Monsters Inc. | |
| 623688135 | Continuous reinforcement | reward behavior every time it occurs (easily extinguished) | |
| 623688136 | Partial reinforcement | more difficult to extinguish | |
| 623688137 | Fixed ratio | set number | |
| 623688138 | Variable ratio | varying number ex. gambling | |
| 623688139 | Fixed interval | set time | |
| 623688140 | Variable interval | varying time, more resistant to extinction | |
| 623688141 | Premack principal | an activity higher up on one's "preference hierarchy" has more reinforcement power | |
| 623688142 | Disequilibrium | any activity can become a reinforcer if access to it has been restricted for some time | |
| 623688143 | Learned helplessness | tendency to give up any effort to control your environment | |
| 623688144 | Cognitive maps | mental representations of a familiar location | |
| 623688145 | Latent learning | learning that is not immediately evident ex. Watch someone drive then drive by yourself | |
| 623688146 | Insight | understanding the overall organization of a problem, "lightbulb" turning on | |
| 623688147 | Social learning theory | learning by watching others | |
| 623688148 | Vicarious conditioning | type of observational learning, observe a behavior of another person, then wait to see consequences of that behavior | |
| 623688149 | Memory | ... | |
| 623688150 | Acoustic codes | sounds | |
| 623688151 | Visual codes | images | |
| 623688152 | Semantic codes | meaning of information | |
| 623688153 | Encoding | process of putting into memory codes to be stored | |
| 623688154 | Storage | holding info in memory over time | |
| 623688155 | Retrieval | putting info out of memory into consciousness | |
| 623688156 | Information processing | sensory memoryshort term memorylong term memory | |
| 623688157 | Sensory memory | holds info from all senses in sensory registers for ~ 1 second | |
| 623688158 | Short term memory | 18 to 20 seconds, 5 to 9 items, acoustic encoding dominates | |
| 623688159 | Long term memory | encoding: deeper processing so it lasts longer (usually involves semantic encoding) | |
| 623688160 | Implicit memory | unintentional influence of prior experience (don't mean to remember) ex. Learn words to song | |
| 623688161 | Explicit memory | consciously aware/deliberately making a memory ex. Studying for a test | |
| 623688162 | Maintenance rehearsal | repeating info over and over | |
| 623688163 | Elaborative rehearsal | building associations between new info and what is already known | |
| 623688164 | Chunking | grouping information=increases the amount we recall | |
| 623688165 | Models of Memory | ... | |
| 623688166 | Levels of processing | how well we remember info is based on how deeply we process/encode the info (more connections made) Shallow (maintenance rehearsal)------------>deep (elaborative rehearsal) | |
| 623688167 | Transfer appropriate processing model | memory is based on how well the encoding process matches the retrieval process (think "filing" cabinet) | |
| 623688168 | Parallel distributed processing model | new facts change our knowledge base by altering interconnected networks | |
| 623688169 | Serial position effect | LOOK AT GRAPH IN NOTES | |
| 623688170 | Primacy effect | tendency to recall 1st words on a list | |
| 623688171 | Recency effect: tendency to recall last words on a list | ... | |
| 623688172 | Episodic | a specific event that happened while you were | |
| 623688173 | Semantic | generalized knowledge (not specific event) | |
| 623688174 | Procedural | (skill) how to perform certain physical task ex. Playing the piano, tying shoelaces, riding a bike | |
| 623688175 | Mnemonics | strategies for remembering info (unusual association) | |
| 623688176 | State dependent | remember info best when in the same physiological state as when info was learned | |
| 623688177 | Context dependent | remember info best if in a physical location that is the same/similar as where info was learned | |
| 623688178 | Mood congruence | info processing is facilitated if a person's emotional state is similar in tone to info being processed | |
| 623688179 | Tip of the tongue phenomenon | retrieving incomplete knowledge (some details but not all) | |
| 623688180 | Flashbulb memories | any time you remember very specific details about a significant event ex. 9/11 | |
| 623688181 | Decay | gradual erosion of a memory (most common problem for short term memory) | |
| 623688182 | Interference | proactive: old info interferes with learning new info, retroactive: new info interferes with recalling old info | |
| 623688183 | Hippocampus | memory formation | |
| 623688184 | Acetylcholine | memory (low=Alzheimer's) | |
| 623688185 | Amnesia | anterograde: loss of memory of events occurring after the injury (hippocampal damage), retrograde amnesia: loss of memory of events prior to the injury | |
| 623688186 | Cognition and Language | ... | |
| 623688187 | Expectancy | response is quicker and more accurate if the stimulus is expected | |
| 623688188 | Speed accuracy tradeoff | faster speed produces lower accuracy | |
| 623688189 | Stimulus response compatibility | does the response naturally go with the stimulus? | |
| 623688190 | Complexity | # of possible actions | |
| 623688191 | Evoked brain potential | small, temporal changes in voltage | |
| 623688192 | Artificial concepts | defined by a fixed set of characteristics that all members have and no nonmembers have ex. Square: a geometric shape with four equal sides and four right-angle corners | |
| 623688193 | Natural concepts | no set of fixed rules that define features (members have at least some of the characteristics that define the concept) | |
| 623688194 | Prototypes | member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristics | |
| 623688195 | Schemas | generalizing we develop about categories of objects, events, and people based on experiences | |
| 623688196 | Script | familiar sequences of events or activities | |
| 623688197 | Syllogism | conclusion drawn from two propositions | |
| 623688198 | Heuristic | mental shortcuts | |
| 623688199 | Anchoring | estimate the probability of an event by slightly adjusting original estimate after being given new info ex. Hard to change first impressions | |
| 623688200 | Representativeness | decide if someone/thing belongs in a certain group based on similar characteristics ex. Stereotyping | |
| 623688201 | Availability | reach a conclusion/decision based on info that is most readily available to us | |
| 623688202 | Mental sets | viewing a new problem from perspective used on an old problem, so can't see simpler solution | |
| 623688203 | Functional fixedness | inability to use objects in new ways | |
| 623688204 | Multiple hypothesis | testing incorrect options first can delay problem solving | |
| 623688205 | Artificial intelligence: computers are programmed to think like humans (expert systems: only one area ex. Medical) | ... | |
| 623688206 | Phoneme | smallest unit of sound with meaning | |
| 623688207 | Morphemes | smallest unit of language with meaning ex. Cat=1 morphemes, cats=2 morphemes | |
| 623688208 | Syntax | determine the way in which words are combined to form sentences | |
| 623688209 | Semantics | rules that govern the meaning of words | |
| 623688210 | Surface structure | string of words | |
| 623688211 | Deep structure | underlying meaning (can have more than one) | |
| 623688212 | Chomsky | all humans innately possess a language acquisition device (helps learn complexities of language) | |
| 623688213 | Whorfian hypothesis | one's language influences one's perception/thoughts |
