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| 12087500466 | Wilhelm Wundt | German scientist, "father of psychology", established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 and developed the study of structuralism | 0 | |
| 12087518266 | Hermann von Helmholtz | German psychologist- theory on how people perceive color (Trichromatic Theory) | 1 | |
| 12087537049 | Introspection | careful examination of one's conscious experience | 2 | |
| 12087545569 | Structuralsim | how the mind is structured, tried to define the structure of the mind by breaking down mental experiences into their components (sensation, feelings, and images), analyzed the components into their most basic elements to discover how they become connected | 3 | |
| 12087597104 | William James | Studied functionalism; focused on the functions of behavior in order to explain behavior a) how and why behavior occurs b) studied the "stream of consciousness"-continuous thoughts that flow through our minds | 4 | |
| 12087631735 | Behaviorist | psychologist that study observable behavior that can be recorded and measured | 5 | |
| 12087663132 | B.F. Skinner | Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rat; study observable behavior and the role of learning in shaping behavior | 6 | |
| 12087715121 | Sigmund Freud | focused on the unconscious (sources of desires, thoughts, and memories), the region of the mind that is beyond the reach of ordinary consciousness) the unconscious is the repository of primitive sexual and aggressive drives or instincts, wishes impulses and urges; early childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior (psychodynamics) | 7 | |
| 12087772228 | Humanistic psychology | free will, conscious choice, and the potential for personal growth guide behavior and mental processes | 8 | |
| 12087792130 | sociocultural perspective | study social and environmental factors that influence cultural differences behavior; culture's influence on the way we think | 9 | |
| 12087828787 | case study | thorough, careful study of one or a few individuals; interviews, observations, and written records (lacks control found in scientific experiments) | 10 | |
| 12087846367 | survey | gather information form groups of people by using interviews or questionnaires; must have an accurate representative sample (random sample) (subject to memory gaps and biases) | 11 | |
| 12087865147 | naturlaistic observation | examines behavior as it unfolds in the everyday environment (risk influencing behavior being observed) | 12 | |
| 12087880938 | correlational | relationship between two or more variables, represented mathematically (does not determine cause-and-effect relationships) | 13 | |
| 12087895505 | experimental | can explore cause-and-effect relationships by directly manipulating some variables and observing their effects on other variables under controlled conditions (expectations may influence results) | 14 | |
| 12087911595 | independent variable | factors that are manipulated in an experiment | 15 | |
| 12087923031 | dependent variable | factors that are measured after the manipulation of the independent variable | 16 | |
| 12087936574 | control group | the group that receives no treatment or a placebo (used for comparison) | 17 | |
| 12087948981 | double-blind study | neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group | 18 | |
| 12087960863 | single-blind study | participants do not know which treatment group they are in | 19 | |
| 12088000231 | neurons | basic building blocks of the nervous system; individual nerve cells which transmit info through the body (form of electrical impulses) | 20 | |
| 12088024171 | dendrites | root-like structures that receive info and send impulses to the cell body | 21 | |
| 12088041939 | glial cells | cells in the nervous system the hold neurons together and forms the myelin sheath, they are smaller than neurons and they make up about 90 percent of the cells in the adult brain, get rid of waste, and nourish neutrons | 22 | |
| 12088073835 | multiple sclerosis | chronic and crippling disease of the central nervous system, eventual destruction of the myelin sheath on nerve cells, cause unknown | 23 | |
| 12088106881 | antagonists | drugs that attach to receptor sites preventing neurotransmitters from docking; they block the transmission of messages | 24 | |
| 12088134366 | autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands, smooth muscles, blood vessels, and heart (controls involuntary responses) | 25 | |
| 12088188634 | sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | 26 | |
| 12088210913 | parts of the hindbrain | medulla, pons, cerebellum, not basal ganglia | 27 | |
| 12088219457 | medulla | regulates unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation | 28 | |
| 12088227191 | Pons | involved in sleep and arousal | 29 | |
| 12088230390 | Cerebellum | Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance | 30 | |
| 12088241917 | reticular formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important roll in controlling arousal | 31 | |
| 12088252348 | parts of the forebrain | thalamus, cerebrum, limbic system, and hypothalamus, not the cerebellum | 32 | |
| 12088313798 | thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | 33 | |
| 12088326103 | hypothalamus | A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. | 34 | |
| 12175650456 | What happens if the hypothalamus is damaged ? | Eat very little and lose weight | 35 | |
| 12088330351 | limbic system | A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives | 36 | |
| 12088347451 | cerebrum | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center | 37 | |
| 12088391533 | hippocampus | contributes to memory, encoding | 38 | |
| 12088403615 | Amygdala | A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression (two lima bean-sized neural clusters) | 39 | |
| 12088416809 | temporal lobe | portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear | 40 | |
| 12088434443 | occipital lobe | portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position, *if damaged can damage vision* | 41 | |
| 12088456645 | frontal lobe | portion of the cerebral cortex lying immediately behind the forehead; area concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement | 42 | |
| 12088476289 | electroencephalogram (EEG) | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp | 43 | |
| 12088489960 | corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them; treatment of epilepsy includes anti-seizure medication, surgery, or therapy | 44 | |
| 12088574735 | Broca's area | Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | 45 | |
| 12088585385 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the *left temporal lobe* | 46 | |
| 12088607794 | prefrontal cortex | involved in relational reasoning; working memory | 47 | |
| 12088616558 | homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level | 48 | |
| 12088635150 | adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (*epinephrine and norepinephrine and cortisol steroids*) that help arouse the body in times of stress. | 49 | |
| 12088645961 | phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. | 50 | |
| 12088681741 | psychophysics | the study of how the physical energy (events in the environment ) relate to our individual psychological experiences of those events (in the form of sensations) | 51 | |
| 12088697631 | absolute threshold | the minimum amount of physical energy need to produce a sensory experience. It is the least amount of a substance needed to activate the sensory receptors (for smell, taste, vision, and hearing). Smallest amount of a given stimulus a person can sense. Measured by recording the amount of stimulation needed for detection 50% of the time | 52 | |
| 12088733932 | difference threshold | minimum difference between any two stimuli that a person can reliably detect 50% of the time. Should be low enough to detect changes in important stimuli (important for survival) | 53 | |
| 12088757249 | Weber's Law | Difference thresholds increase in proportion to the size of the stimuli; to perceive their difference, two stimuli mist differ by a constant minimum percent rather than a constant amount; there has to be a significant change in order to hear a difference | 54 | |
| 12088793980 | Sensory adaptation | stimulation is unchanging (become less sensitive to the stimulus). Permits you to focus on informative changes without being distracted by irrelevant data. | 55 | |
| 12088810914 | retina | the inner layer of the eye- there are approximately 125 million light sensitive photoreceptor cells (light receptors) that convert light into impulses to be sent to the brain where an image is constructed. | 56 | |
| 12088833333 | Rods | receptors that detect black, white, gray, and work best in low light; have low sensitivity to detail | 57 | |
| 12088843902 | Cones | receptors that see color, they function in light only, and perceive fine detail; they are clustered around the fovea | 58 | |
| 12088862055 | feature detectors | the cells in the visual cortex, when they receive information from the retina they respond to specific features of a scene (lines, angles, and movements) | 59 | |
| 12088883872 | trichromatic theory of color vision | Color vision occurs in the three types of cones in the retina (wavelengths= red is longest, green is mid, and blue-violet is shortest ). Any color can be created by combining the light waves of the three primary colors. | 60 | |
| 12088921658 | opponent-process theory of color vision | the retina has three color systems and each system is sensitive to two opposing colors (receptors respond to either blue or yellow, red or green, and black or white). This accounts for afterimage. | 61 | |
| 12088965725 | Dichromats | common form of color blindness in which people lack 1 of the 3 types of cones. Can't distinguish between certain types of colors. Most common form is red-green color blindness (a genetic defect), but less common is blue-yellow color blindness | 62 | |
| 12088989988 | hair cells | the auditory receptors that transform vibrations caused by sound waves into neural impulses that are then transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve | 63 | |
| 12089023036 | eardrum | a tight membrane that vibrates with the waves; a sheet of connective tissue separating the outer ear form the middle ear that vibrates in response to auditory stimuli that transmits sound waves to the middle ear; *vibrates the ossicles* | 64 | |
| 12089063372 | conduction deafness | eardrum punctured and loses ability to vibrate (treated with hearing aids); can be caused by wax in auditory canal, injury to tympanic membrane, or ossicle malfunction. All these conditions interfere with the transmission of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea | 65 | |
| 12089100936 | Nerve deafness | damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve canal (caused by loud sounds, disease, aging); can be treated with cochlear implants or an auditory brainstem implant | 66 | |
| 12089140401 | cause of nerve deafness | can be caused by damage to auditory receptors (hair cells) which prevent production of impulses or by damage to the auditory nerve preventing impulses to reach the brain | 67 | |
| 12089155305 | olfaction | the sense of smell | 68 | |
| 12089166126 | gustation | the sense of taste | 69 | |
| 12089169321 | pheromones | Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species | 70 | |
| 12089202159 | erogenous zones | areas that give rise to erotic or sexual sensations | 71 | |
| 12089213161 | pressure receptors | found over different parts of the body (hands contain about 135 receptors per square centimeter; upper arm has about 1/10 as much) | 72 | |
| 12089226723 | pain receptors | respond to a number of intense stimuli (cutting, pricking, twisting, heat or cold, damage to tissue, or pressure severe enough to cause injury) | 73 | |
| 12089241209 | temperature receptors | a square centimeter of skin contains about 6 cold spots and 1 or 2 warm spots (No hot receptors) Hot is created by stimulus of warm and cold receptors | 74 | |
| 12089275785 | endorphins | natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure | 75 | |
| 12089280314 | kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts | 76 | |
| 12089296878 | perceptual set | our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a mental predisposition that influences what we perceive | 77 | |
| 12089314135 | interposition | when objects block what we perceive | 78 | |
| 12089323206 | Muller-Lyer Illusion | A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward. | 79 | |
| 12089336908 | parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena | 80 | |
| 12089352580 | divided consciousness | dividing your attention between driving and other thoughts, or conversation. This occurs when you are simultaneously performing two or more activities. | 81 | |
| 12090284775 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) | 82 | |
| 12090339882 | melatonin | A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. | 83 | |
| 12090342938 | REM sleep | Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. | 84 | |
| 12090376219 | Why do we sleep? | Prevents sleep deprivation, gets us out of harms way, helps us restore body and brain tissue, and may play a role in the growth process | 85 | |
| 12090383080 | activation-synthesis | the brain's attempt (cerebral cortex) to make sense of random electrical discharges that occur during REM. (discharges came from BRAINSTEM) | 86 | |
| 12090444341 | hypnosis | an altered state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, deep relaxation, and heightened susceptibility to suggestion | 87 | |
| 12090457802 | hypnotic age regression | a hypnotically induced experience that involves re-experiencing past event's in one's life | 88 | |
| 12090472703 | hypnotic analgesia | a loss of feeling or responsiveness to pain in certain parts of the body occurring during hypnosis | 89 | |
| 12090482238 | Posthypnotic amnesia | an inability to recall what happened during hypnosis if the hypnotist suggested that, upon awakening, the person would forget what took place during hypnosis | 90 | |
| 12090504104 | Posthypnotic suggestion | a hypnotist's suggestion that the subject will respond in a particular way following hypnosis | 91 | |
| 12090521735 | Hypnosis is a trance state theory | an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility | 92 | |
| 12090533804 | role-playing model of hypnosis | hypnosis is best understood in the terms of the social demands of the situation (hypnosis is a social interaction that exists between the hypnotist and the subject) | 93 | |
| 12090545987 | neo-dissociation theory | a theory of hypnosis based on the belief that hypnosis represents a state of dissociated consciousness; consciousness splits or divides, split portion follows hypnotist's suggestions, other portion becomes the "hidden observer" which monitors all events (still aware of what occurs during hypnosis). | 94 | |
| 12090585081 | physiological dependence | a physical need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. | 95 | |
| 12090601467 | depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions | 96 | |
| 12090613387 | heroin | most widely abused opioid ? | 97 | |
| 12090672778 | Marijuana | Most widely used illicit drug? | 98 | |
| 12090695873 | Ivan Pavlov | His experiments are considered to be "classics" and what he discovered is what we call classical conditioning | 99 | |
| 12090743799 | Jonn B. Watson | He classically conditioned fear with his "Little Albert Experiment" | 100 | |
| 12090787321 | unconditioned response | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 101 | |
| 12090792410 | unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | 102 | |
| 12090799983 | conditioned response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | 103 | |
| 12090805149 | conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | 104 | |
| 12090818964 | neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not intentionally elicit a response | 105 | |
| 12090830502 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance , after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | 106 | |
| 12090848082 | Phobia | conditioned fear often coming from natural dangers, type of classical conditioning | 107 | |
| 12090860768 | John Garcia | Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. | 108 | |
| 12090869794 | Law of effect | Thordlike's principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 109 | |
| 12090896692 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. This is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response | 110 | |
| 12090924465 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 111 | |
| 12090929880 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 112 | |
| 12090935966 | fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 113 | |
| 12090941909 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 114 | |
| 12090965197 | concerns about punishment | can increase aggressiveness or create fear, can cause a person to feel helpless and depressed, and should be combined with reinforcer | 115 | |
| 12091012132 | behavior modification | strengthens the positive behaviors and gets rid of the negative behaviors | 116 | |
| 12091049845 | insight learning | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy based solutions | 117 | |
| 12091061106 | observational learning | learning by observing others (social learning) | 118 | |
| 12091084685 | semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words | 119 | |
| 12091090517 | state-dependent memory | Tendency for info to be better recalled in same context in which it was originally learned | 120 | |
| 12091126017 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system | 121 | |
| 12091132902 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten | 122 | |
| 12091139311 | consolidation | the brain converts short term memories into lasting stable memories, processed in hippocampus | 123 | |
| 12091165408 | declarative memory | facts and personal info (conscious effort to bring to mind) "knowing that" | 124 | |
| 12091177050 | procedural memory | without conscious recall or effort "knowing how" (skills to do something or engaged without any conscious effort), stored in the cerebellum | 125 | |
| 12091220182 | constructionist theory | a theory that holds that memory is not a replica of the past but a representation, or reconstruction, of the past | 126 | |
| 12091240590 | Elizabeth Loftus | Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony | 127 | |
| 12091264816 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information | 128 | |
| 12091271009 | retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past | 129 | |
| 12091273298 | dissociative amnesia | Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. | 130 | |
| 12091282180 | long term potential | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. | 131 | |
| 12091229218 | memory schema | organized knowledge structure that reflects one's past experiences, expectancies, and knowledge about the world | 132 | |
| 12091247214 | Herman Ebbinghause | the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well | 133 | |
| 12175650457 | How many decibels are needed to damage your ears ? | 85 decibels | 134 | |
| 12175650458 | classical conditioning | a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus | 135 | |
| 12175650459 | Which drug effects the central nervous system badly ? | Depressants | 136 | |
| 12175650460 | Which drug can create psychosis | Amphetamines | 137 | |
| 12175650461 | Glial cells do all of the following EXCEPT | produce neurotransmitters | 138 | |
| 12175650462 | Which is false of neurons ? | They are the only cells in the nervous system | 139 | |
| 12175650463 | Chemical senses | taste and smell | 140 |
