Terms : Hide Images
| 5853608794 | Nervous System | The network of nerve cells & fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. | 0 | |
| 5853608795 | Endocrine System | A system of glands that produce a chemical that helps control metabolic activity. | 1 | |
| 5853608796 | Neurons | Individual cells that are the smallest unit of the nervous system, they transmit info to other nerve cells, muscles, or gland cells. | 2 | |
| 5853608797 | Dendrites | Short fibers that branch out from the cell body & pick up incoming messages. | 3 | |
| 5853608798 | Axon | A single, long fiber, extending from the cell body; it carries outgoing messages. | 4 | |
| 5853608799 | Nerve | Group of axons bundled together/a light fiber that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain. | 5 | |
| 5853608800 | Myelin Sheath | White, fatty covering found on some axons. | 6 | |
| 5853608801 | Sensory (afferent) Neurons | A neuron that sends info from our senses to the Central Nervous System (Carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain). | 7 | |
| 5853608802 | Motor (efferent) Neuron | A neuron that sends info away from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands. | 8 | |
| 5853608803 | Interneurons | Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another. | 9 | |
| 5853608804 | Threshold of Excitation | The level that an impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire. | 10 | |
| 5853608805 | All or None Law | The principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; a neuron will fire at full strength, or it will not fire at all. | 11 | |
| 5853608806 | Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons. | 12 | |
| 5853608807 | Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, attention, memory, & too much of it can lead to Alzheimer's. | 13 | |
| 5853608808 | Dopamine | Neurotransmitter involved in pleasure & pain. | 14 | |
| 5853608809 | Serotonin | Neurotransmitter involved in sleep, dreaming, mood, & eating. | 15 | |
| 5853608810 | Norepinephrine | Neurotransmitter involved in arousal, learning, and memory. | 16 | |
| 5853608811 | Endorphins | Neurotransmitter that blocks pain & can be released during exercise. | 17 | |
| 5853608812 | Central Nervous System (CNS) | The division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. | 18 | |
| 5853608813 | Hindbrain | Area of the brain containing the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Cerebellum. | 19 | |
| 5853608814 | Medulla Oblongata | Part of the brain that controls breathing, heart rate, & blood pressure. | 20 | |
| 5853608815 | Pons | The part of the brainstem that connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. It regulates sleep and wake cycles. | 21 | |
| 5853608816 | Cerebellum | Region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. | 22 | |
| 5853630382 | Cerebrum | The largest division of the brain. It is divided into 2 hemispheres, each of which is divided into 4 lobes. | 23 | |
| 5853637605 | Corpus Callosum | A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the left & right cerebral hemispheres (the big indent/line that separates the 2 hemispheres). | 24 | |
| 5853608817 | Brainstem | The central trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord. | 25 | |
| 5853608818 | Midbrain | Between the hindbrain & forebrain; it is important for hearing & sight, & is one of the places where pain is registered. | 26 | |
| 5853608819 | Forebrain | Anterior part of brain, including cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, & hypothalamus. | 27 | |
| 5853608820 | Thalamus | The relay station; called the gateway to the cerebral cortex b/c nearly all sensory inputs pass through it to the higher levels of the brain. Ex. You are out late and sneak back into the house but you accidentally slam the front door. Even though your mom was sleeping, the sound wakes her up due to her thalamus. | 28 | |
| 5853608821 | Hypothalamus | Controls autonomic nervous system; center for emotional response & behavior. Regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, & thirst. Ex. A friend is in an accident where they hit their head. The doctor finds they have damage to their ___________. You notice a change in their emotions, weight, and growth due to this. | 29 | |
| 5853608822 | Cerebral Cortex | The outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness (regulates most complex behavior). | 30 | |
| 5853608823 | Occipital Lobe | Understands/interprets what the eyes are seeing. | 31 | |
| 5853608824 | Temporal Lobe | Part of the brain that deals with speech perception, hearing, & some types of memory. | 32 | |
| 5853608825 | Parietal Lobe | Part of the brain used for spatial awareness & perception (receives sensory info from throughout the body). | 33 | |
| 5853608826 | Frontal lobe | Responsible for memory formation, emotions, decision making/reasoning, & personality. | 34 | |
| 5853608827 | Spinal Cord | Complex cable of neurons that runs down the spine, connecting the brain to most of the rest of the body. | 35 | |
| 5853608828 | Sympathetic division | Branch of the autonomic nervous system; it prepares the body for quick action in an emergency. | 36 | |
| 5853608829 | Parasympathetic Division | Branch of the autonomic nervous system; it calms & relaxes the body. | 37 | |
| 5853608830 | Hormones | Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands; they help regulate bodily activities. | 38 | |
| 5853608831 | Endocrine glands | Glands in the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream. | 39 | |
| 5853608832 | Thyroid Glands | gland in the neck that secretes thyroxin (hormone) regulating growth and development. | 40 | |
| 5853608833 | Thyroxin | A primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism (affects alertness, energy, fat/thin). | 41 | |
| 5853608834 | Insulin | A hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. | 42 | |
| 5853608835 | Gonads | The reproductive glands; testes in males and ovaries in females. | 43 | |
| 5853608836 | Epinephrine | A hormone released by the adrenal cortex (part of adrenal glands) that activates the sympathetic nervous system. | 44 | |
| 5853608837 | Genetics | The study of how traits are transmitted from one generation to the next. | 45 | |
| 5853608838 | Traits | A distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person. | 46 | |
| 5853608839 | Heredity | The passing on of physical and mental characteristics from one generation to the next. | 47 | |
| 5853608840 | Genes | Elements that control the transmission of traits; they are found on the chromosomes and are passed down from parents. | 48 | |
| 5853608841 | Chromosomes | Pairs of threadlike bodies within the cell nucleus that contain the genes. | 49 | |
| 5853608842 | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | Double-helix configuration, holds genetic information/code, main ingredient of chromosomes, & makes you what you are. | 50 | |
| 5853608843 | Dominant Gene | Member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait. | 51 | |
| 5853608844 | Recessive Gene | Member of a gene pair that can control the appearance of a certain trait only if it's paired w/another recessive trait. | 52 | |
| 5853608845 | Identical Twin | Twins developed from a single fertilized ovum (egg) & therefore identical in genetic makeup at the time of conception. | 53 | |
| 5853608846 | Fraternal Twin | Twins developed from 2 separate fertilized ova (eggs) & therefore diff. in genetic makeup. | 54 | |
| 5853608847 | Amniocentesis | The sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, used to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus. | 55 | |
| 5853713976 | Psychology | The scientific study of behavior & mental process. | 56 | |
| 5853713977 | Goals of Psychology | To observe, predict, & control behavior. | 57 | |
| 5853713978 | Scientific Method | Generating a theory that attempts to explain the data. | 58 | |
| 5853713979 | Case Study | The description of a single individual or a few individuals. | 59 | |
| 5853713980 | Correlation | Relationship between two or more variables. | 60 | |
| 5853713981 | Random Sample | Equal chance of being selected. | 61 | |
| 5853713982 | Representative Sample | Carefully chosen so the subjects corresponds closely to the characteristics of the larger population. | 62 | |
| 5853713983 | Biased Sample | A skewed sample that is collected where aspects of the sample are purposely avoided or taken advantage of. Ex: Asking teens if they approve of the curfew (obviously not). | 63 | |
| 5853713984 | Behaviorism | The idea that psychology should be studied only through the behavior of humans and animals; excluding thoughts or feelings. Founder: James B. Watson | 64 | |
| 5853713986 | Reinforcement | A form of behaviorism; conditioning behavior using rewards and patterns | 65 | |
| 5853713987 | Humanistic Psychology | How people strive to improve and reach their potential | 66 | |
| 5853713988 | Cognitive Psychology | Study of mental processes, focusing on how people perceive, interpret, store and retrieve info; Believe that mental process can and should be studied scientifically. | 67 | |
| 5853713989 | Sensation | The experience of sensory stimulation from one of the five senses. | 68 | |
| 5853713990 | Perception | The brain's process of organizing and making sense of sensory information. Ex: Hear a siren and thinking its a cop car, but its actually an ambulance. | 69 | |
| 5853713991 | Absolute Threshold | Smallest amount of energy you can detect ½ of the time. Ex: radio on in a room softly and you finally notice. | 70 | |
| 5853713992 | Adaptation | An adjustment to the senses depending on the amount of stimulation they are receiving. Ex: Eat salty chips and after a couple of chips you don't even notice that they are salty. | 71 | |
| 5853713993 | JND (Just noticeable Difference) | The smallest change in stimulation that can be detected half the of the time. | 72 | |
| 5853713994 | Weber's Law | The principle that the JND for any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulation being judged. | 73 | |
| 5853713995 | Cornea | The clear protective coating over the front of the eye. | 74 | |
| 5853713996 | Pupil | A small opening in the iris through which light enters the eye; dilates to regulate light entered. | 75 | |
| 5853713997 | Iris | Colored part of eye/regulates the size of the pupil (contracts to make pupil smaller, protecting eye from damage, helps to see better in bright light & relaxes to open the pupil wider, allowing as much light as possible to enter in dim light). | 76 | |
| 5853713998 | Lens | Transparent part of the eye behind the pupil that focuses light onto the retina. | 77 | |
| 5853713999 | Retina | Back part of the eye sensitive to light which forms an image; contains receptor cells that are sensitive only to visible light. | 78 | |
| 5853714000 | Fovea | Area of the retina that is the center of the visual field, images that pass through the lens are in sharpest focus here. | 79 | |
| 5853714001 | Rods | Receptor cells that are responsible for night vision and perception of brightness. | 80 | |
| 5853714002 | Cones | Receptor cells that are responsible for color vision. | 81 | |
| 5853714003 | Dark Adaptation | Takes 30 minutes to adapt to the dark; increased sensitivity of rods and cones in darkness. | 82 | |
| 5853714004 | Light Adaptation | Takes 1 minute to adapt to bright light; decreased sensitivity of rods and cones in bright light. | 83 | |
| 5853714005 | Afterimage | Sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed; ex. still see an image after not looking at the original image. | 84 | |
| 5853714006 | Blind Spot | Area of the eye without cones or rods (receptors). | 85 | |
| 5853714007 | Hue | A color or shade. | 86 | |
| 5853714008 | Saturation | The intensity of a color, especially as a degree in which it differs from white. | 87 | |
| 5853714009 | Colorblindness | A reduced ability to distinguish between certain colors. | 88 | |
| 5853714010 | Trichromats | People who have normal vision, can see all colors. Not colorblind. | 89 | |
| 5853714011 | Monochromats | People who are totally colorblind. Respond only to shades of light and dark. | 90 | |
| 5853714012 | Dichromats | People who are blind to either red-green or yellow-blue, only being able to see two of the primary colors (ex. Mr. Campbell). | 91 | |
| 5853714013 | Sound Waves | Changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another and then move apart again. | 92 | |
| 5853714014 | Frequency | The number of cycles per second in a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of pitch. | 93 | |
| 5853714015 | Hertz | Cycles per second; unit of measurement for the frequency of waves. | 94 | |
| 5853714016 | Pitch | The quality of sound caused by vibrations. | 95 | |
| 5853714017 | Decibels | A unit used to measure how intense a sound is. | 96 | |
| 5853714018 | Pheromone | Chemical messengers that are picked up by our sense of smell. | 97 | |
| 5853714019 | Taste Buds | Cluster of nerve endings on the tongue and lining of mouth that provide sense of taste. | 98 | |
| 5853714020 | Papillae | Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds. | 99 | |
| 5853714021 | Gate Control Theory | Theory that controls the pain messages to the brain. | 100 | |
| 5853714022 | Placebo | Chemically inactive substance that is similar to the actual substance being tested, but with no actual effects. | 101 | |
| 5853714023 | Placebo effect | Pain relief that occurs when a person believes a pill (placebo) or procedure will reduce pain, actual cause of the relief seems to come from endorphins. | 102 | |
| 5861823646 | Consciousness | What we are thinking. | 103 | |
| 5861823647 | Waking Consciousness | Mental state that encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and reasonably alert. | 104 | |
| 5861823648 | Altered State of Consciousness | State of consciousness that doesn't occur naturally and must be induced in some way. Achieved through: Hypnosis, daydream, sleep, & intoxication. | 105 | |
| 5861823649 | Daydreaming | a series of pleasant thoughts that distract one's attention from the present. | 106 | |
| 5862375593 | Circadian Cycle | A 24 hour cycle that affects a person's mental, physical, and behavioral changes. | 107 | |
| 5861823650 | REM (rapid-eye movement) | Stage 5 of sleep. Dreaming occurs and the brain's activity resembles waking activity. Helps body recover from stress. | 108 | |
| 5861823651 | NREM (Non-REM) | Sleep that helps the body recover from physical exertion. | 109 | |
| 5861823652 | Dreams | Vivid visual and auditory experiences that occur primarily during REM periods of sleep. | 110 | |
| 5861823653 | Insomnia | Trouble falling asleep. Causes: Caffeine, Alcohol, Stress, Sleeping Pills, Tech. | 111 | |
| 5861823655 | Apnea | Breathing stops during sleep, blood pressure rises. Causes: Overweight, enlarged tonsils. | 112 | |
| 5861823657 | Narcolepsy | A person who falls asleep instantly. (Enters REM sleep immediately) Causes: Might be Genetic (treated w/meds) | 113 | |
| 5862391428 | Sensory Deprivation | Extreme Reduction of Sensory Stimuli. | 114 | |
| 5861823659 | Substance Abuse | A pattern of drug use that diminishes the ability to fulfill responsibilities at home, work, or school that results in repeated use of drug in dangerous situations or that leads to legal difficulties related to drug use. | 115 | |
| 5861823660 | Psychoactive Drugs | Chemical substances that change moods and perceptions. | 116 | |
| 5861823661 | Substance Dependence | A pattern of compulsive drug taking that results in tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or other specific symptoms for at least a year. | 117 | |
| 5861823662 | Tolerance | You need to take more and more of it in order to get the same effects. | 118 | |
| 5861823663 | Withdrawal Symptoms | Unpleasant physical or psychological effects when you stop taking a substance. | 119 | |
| 5861823664 | Double Blind Procedure | Experimental design useful in studies of the effects of drugs, in which neither the subject nor the researcher knows at the time of administration which subjects are receiving an active drug and which are receiving the inactive substance. | 120 | |
| 5861823665 | Meditation | Any of the various methods of concentration, reflection, or focusing of thoughts undertaken to suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. | 121 | |
| 5861823666 | Hypnosis | Trance like state in which a person responds readily to suggestions. | 122 | |
| 5861823667 | Alcohol | Depressant that is the intoxicating ingredient in whiskey, beer, wine, and other fermented or distilled water. | 123 | |
| 5861823668 | Barbituates | Potentially deadly depressants first used for their sedative and anticonvulsant properties, now used only to treat such conditions as epilepsy and arthritis. | 124 | |
| 5861823669 | Tranquilizers | a medicinal drug taken to reduce tension or anxiety. | 125 | |
| 5861823670 | Opiates | Medications that relieve pain. They reduce the intensity of pain signals reaching the brain and affect those brain areas controlling emotion, which diminishes the effects of a painful stimulus. | 126 | |
| 5861823671 | Amphetamines | Used to postpone sleep and increase alertness, and also suppresses your appetite. If used in high doses, it will give a general rush followed by a crash, accompanied by severe depression. | 127 | |
| 5861823672 | Cocaine | Drug derived from the coca plant that, although producing a sense of euphoria by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, also leads to anxiety, depression and addictive cravings. | 128 | |
| 5861823673 | Caffeine | Stimulant for Central Nervous System. | 129 | |
| 5861823674 | Nicotine | It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells. | 130 | |
| 5861823675 | LSD | Hallucinogenic or "psychedelic" drug that produces hallucinations and delusion similar to those occurring in a psychotic state. | 131 | |
| 5861823676 | Marijuana | A mild hallucinogen that produces a "high" often characterized by feelings of euphoria, a sense of well being, swings in mood from gaiety to relaxation; may also cause feelings of anxiety and paranoia) | 132 | |
| 5862309592 | Hallucinogen | No withdrawal effects but you have high tolerance quickly, can have flashbacks weeks or months later, lead to memory loss and paranoia. | 133 | |
| 5862342817 | Depressant | Chemicals that inhibit brain activity by altering neurotransmitters and produce a calming or drowsy effect (Alcohol). | 134 | |
| 5862363343 | Stimulants | Drugs that affect the brain similar to how certain neurotransmitters work. They act like dopamine and norepinephrine and enhance their effects. | 135 | |
| 5861905291 | Memory | The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, or learned. | 136 | |
| 5861905292 | Short-term memory | Activated memory that holds few items briefly. | 137 | |
| 5861905293 | Long-term memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. | 138 | |
| 5861905294 | Information processing model | A computer like model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information. | 139 | |
| 5861905295 | Chunking | The grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory. | 140 | |
| 5861905296 | Rote rehearsal | Retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over. "Rote, Rote, Rote your boat" | 141 | |
| 5861905298 | Serial position effect | The finding that when asked to recall a list of unrelated items, performance is better for the items at the beginning (primacy) and end of the list (recency). | 142 | |
| 5861905300 | Schemata | A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience. | 143 | |
| 5861905301 | Explicit memory | Memory for information that we can readily express in words and are aware of having; these memories can be intentionally retrieved from memory. | 144 | |
| 5861905302 | Implicit memory | Memory for information that we cannot readily express in words and may not be aware of having; these memories cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory. | 145 | |
| 5861905303 | Decay theory | A theory that argues that the passage of time causes forgetting. | 146 | |
| 5861905304 | Retrograde amnesia | The inability to recall events preceding an accident or injury, but without loss of earlier memory. | 147 | |
| 5861905305 | Retroactive interference | The process by which new information interferes with information already in memory. | 148 | |
| 5861905306 | Proactive interference | The process by which information already in memory interferes with new information. | 149 | |
| 5861905307 | Mnemonics | The study and development of systems for improving and assisting the memory (PEMDAS, etc). | 150 | |
| 5861905308 | Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve | Demonstrates the decline of memory retention in time. How information is lost over a period of time when there is no attempt to retain it. | 151 | |
| 5861905310 | Hysterical Amnesia | When someone experiences a traumatic event, they often forget the event. | 152 | |
| 5861905311 | Childhood amnesia (Infantile amnesia) | Children rarely recall events that occurred before they were 2 years old. (B/c the specific regions of the brain devoted to memory haven't fully developed yet) | 153 | |
| 5861905312 | Autobiographical Memory | Our recollection of events that happened in our life and when those events took place. | 154 | |
| 5861905313 | Eidetic imagery | The ability to reproduce unusually sharp and detailed images of something one has seen. | 155 | |
| 5861905314 | Mnemonist | People who have excellent memory. | 156 | |
| 5861905316 | Flashbulb memory (Print Theory) | When someone has an important event they can recall vivid memories even after a long time has passed. | 157 | |
| 5861905317 | Encoding | Transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system. | 158 | |
| 5861905318 | Storage | Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. | 159 | |
| 5861905319 | Retrieval | Recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it. | 160 | |
| 5861905320 | Emotional memories | Learned emotional responses to various stimuli. | 161 | |
| 5861905321 | Episodic memories | (Declarative) The portion of long-term memory that stores personally experienced events. | 162 | |
| 5861905322 | Semantic memories | (Non-Declarative) The portion of long-term memory that stores general facts and information. | 163 | |
| 5861905323 | Procedural memories | The portion of long-term memory that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks. | 164 | |
| 5861905324 | Priming | The implicit memory of effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus. It is a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory in both positive and negative ways. | 165 | |
| 5861905325 | Elaborative Rehearsal | The linking of new information in short-term memory to familiar material stored in long-term memory | 166 | |
| 5861905326 | Tip of the Tongue Theory (TOT) | When we try to remember something so hard that we make it harder for ourselves. (Knowing a word, but not being able to recall it). | 167 | |
| 5861905327 | Long Term Potentiation (LTP) | When we learn new things, new connections are formed in the brain, when we review or practice previously learned things, old connections are strengthened. | 168 | |
| 5871861402 | Power Motive | The need to be in control. | 169 | |
| 5871877719 | Stimulus Motive | What makes you tick. | 170 | |
| 5871880672 | Affiliation Motive | The need to be with others. | 171 | |
| 5871891934 | Achievement Motive | The need to win. | 172 | |
| 5861905328 | Situational Factors | Always take a test in the seat you learned the material. | 173 | |
| 5861905329 | State dependent memory | If you learned while chewing gum, chew gum for the test. | 174 | |
| 5861905330 | Reconstructive process | We often reconstruct memories for social reasons or personal defense. We do this because we want it to be more consistent with a current image or perception. | 175 | |
| 5861905331 | Source Error | People are unable to tell the difference between what they saw and what they heard or imagined. | 176 | |
| 5862211499 | Classical Conditioning | A form of learning in which a response elicited by a stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus, almost by accident. | 177 | |
| 5862211500 | Unconditioned Response (UR) | The response that occurs automatically when the US is presented. | 178 | |
| 5862211501 | Unconditional Stimulus (US) | Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, natural occurring, automatic response. | 179 | |
| 5862211502 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | The stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the UR. However, with repeated pairing with the US, it produces the CR. | 180 | |
| 5862211503 | Conditioned Response (CR) | The learned response that is produced by the CS. | 181 | |
| 5862401260 | Response Acquisition | First stages of learning when a response is first established; the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response. | 182 | |
| 5862211504 | Intermittent Pairing | Paring the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of learning rituals; this procedure reduces both the rate of learning and the final level of learning achieved. | 183 | |
| 5862211505 | Desensitization Theory | A conditioning technique used to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation; if a person can associate relaxation with the fearful stimulus then they could change human behavior. | 184 | |
| 5862211506 | Learning | The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior. | 185 | |
| 5862211507 | Taste Aversion | Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. | 186 | |
| 5862211508 | Operant Conditioning | A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for behavior. | 187 | |
| 5862211509 | Reinforcers | Stimuli that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. | 188 | |
| 5862211510 | Positive Reinforcers | Presenting a motivating item to the person/animal after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future. | 189 | |
| 5862211511 | Negative Reinforcers | When a certain stimulus is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. This increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future. | 190 | |
| 5862211512 | Punishers | Stimuli that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. | 191 | |
| 5862211513 | Law of Effect | Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation. The responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in the future. | 192 | |
| 5862211514 | Biofeedback | A technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over theses functions. | 193 | |
| 5862211515 | Neurofeeback | A biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity. | 194 | |
| 5862211516 | Skinner Box | A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur. | 195 | |
| 5862211517 | Shaping | By rewarding more and more exaggerated behavior, complex actions could be trained through small successive rewards. | 196 | |
| 5862211518 | Punishment | Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. | 197 | |
| 5862211519 | Blocking | A process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously. | 198 | |
| 5862211520 | Avoidance Training | Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant, such as punishment. | 199 | |
| 5862211521 | Learned Helplessness | The general belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little or no control of the environment. | 200 | |
| 5862211522 | Fixed Ratio | Reinforcement after a fixed number of fixed responses. (Ex: say hi to every 4th person) | 201 | |
| 5862211524 | Fixed Interval | Reinforcement after a certain amount of time. (Ex: Trip someone every 5 mins) | 202 | |
| 5862211526 | Variable Ratio | There's no set reinforcement after a certain number of times (random). (Trip every 9th, 17th, 38th, ... person) | 203 | |
| 5862211527 | Variable Interval | There's no set reinforcement after a certain amount of time. (hit someone every 10, 23, 55, ... mins). | 204 | |
| 5862211529 | Continuous Reinforcement | When every correct response is reinforced (ex: getting paid). | 205 | |
| 5862211531 | Stimulus Discrimination (classical conditioning) | When we learn to respond only to the original stimulus, and not to other similar stimuli. | 206 | |
| 5862211532 | Stimulus Generalization (classical conditioning) | When an organism responds to a new stimulus in the same way as a previously encountered stimulus, based on similarity of the stimuli and the organism's history of reinforcement with the previous stimulus. | 207 | |
| 5862211535 | Response Generalization | Giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus. | 208 | |
| 5862211536 | Higher Order Conditioning (Second order conditioning) | When you pair a new CS with the old CS and eventually change to a new CS. | 209 | |
| 5862211537 | Backward Conditioning | When a CS immediately follows a US. Unlike usual conditioning procedures, in which the CS precedes the US. | 210 | |
| 5862211538 | Extinction | The disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced. | 211 | |
| 5862211539 | Primary Reinforcers | Biological. Things like food, drink, and pleasure (sex). | 212 | |
| 5862211540 | Secondary Reinforcers | They acquire their power via a history of association with primary reinforcers or other _______________ reinforcers (Ex: grades in school, money, & tokens). | 213 | |
| 5862211542 | Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery. | 214 | |
| 5862211543 | Latent Learning | A form of Learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of behavior or associations that are learned. | 215 | |
| 5862211544 | Insight | When a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error. | 216 | |
| 5862211545 | Vicarious Learning (observational learning) | Learning that occurs when one person (the learner) learns a behavior by watching another person perform the behavior (Ex: shadowing, demonstrations, & training films). | 217 | |
| 5862211547 | Vicarious Punishment | When the tendency to engage in a behavior is weakened after having observed the negative consequences for another engaging in that behavior. | 218 | |
| 5862211548 | Cognitive Learning | Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable. | 219 | |
| 5862211550 | Social Learning Theorists | Psychologists whose view of learning emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner. | 220 | |
| 5871825636 | Representativeness | A heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model (Answers). | 221 | |
| 5871825637 | Language | A flexible system of symbols that allow us to communicate ideas to others. | 222 | |
| 5871825638 | Phonemes | The universal sounds in language. Ex: T, Th, & K | 223 | |
| 5871825639 | Morphemes | Simple words or pre or suffixes. Made from combining phonemes. Ex: Hot, Tall, Down | 224 | |
| 5871825640 | Surface Structure | Parts of a sentence (noun, verb, etc.). Ex: John (n) skipped (v) classes (pn) | 225 | |
| 5871825641 | Deep Surface Structure | Deeper meaning of the sentence. Ex: John is not doing well and needs to stay more focused... | 226 | |
| 5871825642 | Top Down Processing | When you start with an idea and build on that idea with sentences. Ex: A reflection paper (you start with an idea) | 227 | |
| 5871825643 | Bottom Down Processing | When you're trying to understand a sentence, you try and break down the meaning. Ex: Reading a book (you understand the whole picture) | 228 | |
| 5871825644 | Syntax | Sentence rules. | 229 | |
| 5871825645 | Semantics | Sentence meanings. | 230 | |
| 5871825646 | Images | We use them to help us problem solve, we also use graphs and charts to understand an idea. | 231 | |
| 5871825647 | Concepts | Categories we use to classify something. | 232 | |
| 5871825648 | Prototypes | (models) Used to represent something (Yankee Stadium). | 233 | |
| 5871825649 | Linguistic Determination | The belief (or fact) that humans are influenced by our language. | 234 | |
| 5871825650 | Benjamin Worfe | A man who believes that we are influenced by our language. The more words we know, the better thinkers we are. | 235 | |
| 5871825651 | Problem Representation | First step to solving a problem is to define it. | 236 | |
| 5871825652 | Convergent Thinking | Thinking that is directed towards one correct solution to a problem. | 237 | |
| 5871825653 | Divergent Thinking | Thinking that meets the criteria of originality & flexibility. Ex: Brainstorming, free writing, & keeping a journal. | 238 | |
| 5871825654 | Trial & Error | A fundamental method of problem solving. It is characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the agent stops trying. | 239 | |
| 5871825655 | Retrieval | The process in which information in your memory can be recalled. Information concerning events, images, and feelings are all stored in our memory. | 240 | |
| 5871825656 | Algorithm | Set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem. Ex: PEMDAS | 241 | |
| 5871825657 | Heuristics | (Rules of thumb) A mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. These rule-of-thumb strategies shorten decision making time and allow people to function w/o constantly stopping to think. | 242 | |
| 5871825658 | Brainstorming | A group problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous contribution of ideas from all members of the group. | 243 | |
| 5871825659 | Mental Set | How we approach a problem. | 244 | |
| 5871825660 | Functional Fixedness | When you are unable to think outside the box. | 245 | |
| 5871825661 | Compensatory Model | It weighs all options and we pick the one with the highest score. | 246 | |
| 5873666017 | Non Compensatory Model | Pick something based on what you like. Ex: picked a car because it's red | 247 | |
| 5871825662 | Availiability | We often base solution off of what's in front of us. | 248 | |
| 5871825663 | Confirmation Bias | We often notice when we are correct, not when we are wrong. | 249 | |
| 5871825664 | Working Backwards | One outlines their goal and works back in a well-organized and systematic manner. Ex: Mazes | 250 | |
| 5871825665 | Hindsight Bias | We tend to notice our mistakes or others when it's too late. | 251 | |
| 5871825666 | Counterfactual Thinking | We come up with "if only" statements when we don't like the outcome. | 252 | |
| 5871825667 | Multitasking | Our brains aren't wired to do more that one thing at the same time. It slows down thinking, decreases accuracy, and increases stress. | 253 | |
| 5871825668 | Intelligence | The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations. | 254 | |
| 5871825669 | Crystallized Intelligence | The ability to use learned knowledge and experience. | 255 | |
| 5871825670 | Fluid Intelligence | The general ability to think abstractly, reason, identify patterns, solve problems, & discern relationships. | 256 | |
| 5871825671 | Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | Intelligence index; original definition; mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100. | 257 | |
| 5871825672 | Deviation IQ | Scores based on a person's standing in his or her age group; how far above or below average a person's score is, relative to other scores. | 258 | |
| 5871825674 | IQ Test | -1st was designed by Binet/Simon in 1905 and used in schools -1916= Stanford/Binet intelligence scale was designed and is still used today. It measures people in language, visual reasoning, math, & short term memory. -Adults use the WAIS to get a number of how smart they are. | 259 | |
| 5873646873 | Hillclimbing | A heuristic; each set move made to progressively get closer to a final goal; simple; example: balancing a budget, reduce expenses to a smaller deficit. | 260 | |
| 5873677254 | Drive Reduction Theory | The purpose of biological drives is to correct disturbances of homeostasis. | 261 | |
| 5873692096 | Homeostasis | Balance (biologically). | 262 | |
| 5873696678 | Primary Drive | Innate drives (thirst, hunger, sex). | 263 | |
| 5873699553 | Secondary Drives | Learned by conditioning (money). | 264 | |
| 5873709609 | Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory) | Elevated arousal levels can improve performance up to a certain point (ex: some stress can help you perform better). |  | 265 |
