Terms : Hide Images
| 87771261 | hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | |
| 87771262 | Amazing Randi | magician tested and debunked psychic phenomena | |
| 87771263 | Theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors | |
| 87771264 | Hypothesis | a testable prediction | |
| 87771265 | Operational definitions | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables | |
| 87771266 | replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | |
| 87771267 | false consensus effect | The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. | |
| 87771268 | population | all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. | |
| 87771269 | random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. | |
| 87771270 | case study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | |
| 87771271 | survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 027) | |
| 87771272 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | |
| 87771273 | correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other | |
| 87771274 | correlation coefficient | a mathematical expression of relationship between two factors (between -1 and +1 ) | |
| 87771275 | scatterplots | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation) | |
| 87771276 | illusory correlations | a perception that two facts or observations tend to occur together, even though they do not; perception of a relationship where none exists | |
| 87771277 | experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | |
| 87771278 | double blind procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participant and the research staff are ignorant about whether the participants have received the treatment or the placebo | |
| 87771279 | Placebo effect | results caused by expectations alone | |
| 87771280 | Mamie Phipps Clark | studied the effects of segregation and racism on the self-esteem of black children. Her work with her husband, Dr. Kenneth Clark, was used in testimony in the case of Brown V. The Board of Education | |
| 87771281 | Kenneth B. Clark | psychologists who studied segregation | |
| 87771282 | Hawthorne effect | a change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied | |
| 87771283 | experimental condition | the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable | |
| 87771284 | control condition | the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | |
| 87771285 | random assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. | |
| 87771286 | independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | |
| 87771287 | dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | |
| 87771288 | confounding variable | in an experiment, a variable, other than the independent variable, that could influence the dependent variable | |
| 87771289 | experimental ethics | treat animals and humans with respect....*** | |
| 87771290 | measures of central tendency | a single score represents set of scores | |
| 87771291 | mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores | |
| 87771292 | median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it; midpoint | |
| 87771293 | mode | the most frequently occurring score in a distribution | |
| 87771294 | range | the difference between the greatest and least numbers in a set of data | |
| 87771295 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | |
| 87771296 | z-score | number of standard deviations away from the mean | |
| 87771297 | p-value (statistical significance) | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 043)--less than 5%, not received by chance | |
| 87771298 | frequency distributions | a listing, in order of magnitude, of each score achieved, together with the number of times that score occurred | |
| 88388352 | variation | how far scores fall from the mean | |
| 88388353 | equation for SD | SD=square root of variance | |
| 88388354 | bell curve rule | 68%-1 deviation away from mean 96%-2 deviations away from mean 99%-3 deviations away from mean | |
| 88388355 | p-value--exact | less than 5%, not chance, can replicate | |
| 88388356 | positively skewed data | mean is pulled up by outlier | |
| 88388357 | negatively skewed data | mean is pulled down by outlier | |
| 88388358 | measures of variation (what are they?) | range and standard deviation | |
| 88388359 | measures of central tendency (what are they?) | mean median mode | |
| 88388360 | what is most affected by extreme scores? | range | |
| 88388361 | positive correlation | x+ y+, x-,y- | |
| 88388362 | negative correlation | x+ y-, x- y+ | |
| 88388363 | correlation scale | -1 to 1 | |
| 88388364 | fact about correlation scale | closer to 0, weaker the correlation |
