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| 8728551674 | psychopathology | patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those who are affected or for those with whom they come in contact |  | 0 |
| 8728551675 | impaired functioning | difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected family, social, and work-related roles | 1 | |
| 8728551676 | biopsychosocial model | a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors |  | 2 |
| 8728551677 | neurobiological model | a modern name for the medical model, in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes | 3 | |
| 8728551678 | psychological model | a view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes | 4 | |
| 8728551679 | sociocultural model | a way of looking at mental disorders in relation to gender, age, ethnicity, and other social and cultural factors | 5 | |
| 8728551680 | anxiety disorder | a condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive |  | 6 |
| 8728551681 | phobia | an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction | 7 | |
| 8728551682 | specific phobia | an anxiety disorder involving fear and avoidance of heights, animals, and other specific stimuli and situations |  | 8 |
| 8728551683 | post-traumatic stress disorder | a pattern of adverse reactions following a traumatic and threatening event | 9 | |
| 8728551684 | social phobia | an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fears relating to social situations | 10 | |
| 8728551685 | agoraphobia | an anxiety disorder involving strong fear of being alone or away from the security of home | 11 | |
| 8728551686 | generalized anxiety disorder | a condition that involves relatively mild but long-lasting anxiety that is focused on any particular object or situation; also called free-floating anxiety | 12 | |
| 8728551687 | panic disorder | an anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks | 13 | |
| 8728551688 | panic attacks | attacks marked by intense heart palpitations, pressure or pain in the chest, dizziness or unsteadiness, sweating, and a feeling of faintness | 14 | |
| 8728551689 | obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | an anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals | 15 | |
| 8728551690 | obsessions | persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts | 16 | |
| 8728551691 | compulsions | ritualistic, repetitive behaviors | 17 | |
| 8728551692 | somatoform disorders | psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause |  | 18 |
| 8728551693 | conversion disorder | a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause | 19 | |
| 8728551694 | hypochondriasis | a somatoform disorder involving strong, unjustified fear of physical illness | 20 | |
| 8728551695 | somatization disorder | somatoform disorders in which there are numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness | 21 | |
| 8728551696 | pain disorder | a somatoform disorder marked by complaints of sever pain with no physical cause | 22 | |
| 8728551697 | dissociative disorders | rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity | 23 | |
| 8728551698 | dissociative fugue | a dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale | 24 | |
| 8728551699 | dissociative amnesia | a dissociative disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory |  | 25 |
| 8728551700 | dissociative identity disorder (DID) | a dissociative disorder in which a person reports having more than one identity; also called multiple personality disorder |  | 26 |
| 8728551701 | mood disorder | conditions in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania; also called affective disorder | 27 | |
| 8728551702 | major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months | 28 | |
| 8728551703 | delusions | false beliefs, such as those experienced by people suffering from schizophrenia or extreme depression | 29 | |
| 8728551704 | dysthymic disorder | a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years |  | 30 |
| 8728551705 | mania | an elated, very active emotional state | 31 | |
| 8728551706 | bipolar I disorder | a mood disorder in which a person alternates between deep depression and mania; also called manic depression | 32 | |
| 8728551707 | bipolar II disorder | a mood disorder in which a person alternates between major depressive episodes and hypomania episodes |  | 33 |
| 8728551708 | hypomania | less severe manic phases | 34 | |
| 8728551709 | cyclothymic disorder | a less severe form of bipolar I disorder |  | 35 |
| 8728551710 | seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | during months of shorter daylight, patients experience severe depression, accompanied by irritability and excessive sleeping |  | 36 |
| 8728551711 | schizophrenia | a severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking emotion, perception, and behavior |  | 37 |
| 8728551712 | neologisms | "new words" that have meaning only to the person speaking them | 38 | |
| 8728551713 | loose associations | the tendency for one thought to be logically unconnected, or slightly related, to the next | 39 | |
| 8728551714 | clang associations | associations based on double meanings or on the way words sound | 40 | |
| 8728551715 | hallucinations | a symptom of disorder in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no stimuli present |  | 41 |
| 8728551716 | positive symptoms | schizophrenic symptoms such as disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions | 42 | |
| 8728551717 | negative symptoms | schizophrenic symptoms such as absence of pleasure, lack of speech, and flat effect |  | 43 |
| 8728551718 | paranoid schizophrenia | a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy); symptoms may include anger and anxiety and aloofness and doubts about gender identity; unlike other types of schizophrenia the patients are usually presentable and (if delusions are not acted on) may function in an apparently normal manner | 44 | |
| 8728551719 | disorganized schizophrenia | a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions | 45 | |
| 8728551720 | catatonic schizophrenia | a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods; the catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitement | 46 | |
| 8728551721 | undifferentiated schizophrenia | a form of schizophrenia characterized by having positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia but do not meet the specific criteria for the paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic subtypes |  | 47 |
| 8728551722 | residual schizophrenia | a form of schizophrenia manifested by individuals with symptoms of schizophrenia who, after a psychotic schizophrenic episode, are no longer psychotic |  | 48 |
| 8728551723 | personality disorders | long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems | 49 | |
| 8728551724 | paranoid personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by suspiciousness and distrust of others, all of whom are assumed to be hostile | 50 | |
| 8728551725 | schizoid personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships; restricted range of emotion |  | 51 |
| 8728551726 | schizotypal personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors | 52 | |
| 8728551727 | dependent personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions |  | 53 |
| 8728551728 | obsessive-compulsive personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control |  | 54 |
| 8728551729 | avoidant personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism |  | 55 |
| 8728551730 | histrionic personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior | 56 | |
| 8728551731 | narcissistic personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance | 57 | |
| 8728551732 | borderline personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures |  | 58 |
| 8728551733 | antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by shameless disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights | 59 | |
| 8728551734 | odd-eccentric cluster | often referred to as cluster A, which includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders | 60 | |
| 8728551735 | dramatic-erratic cluster | often referred to as cluster B, which includes histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders | 61 | |
| 8728551736 | anxious-fearful cluster | often referred to as cluster C, which includes dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and avoidant personality disorders |  | 62 |
| 8728551737 | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | patients diagnosed with this disorder are impulsive and unable to concentrate on an activity as well as other children their age can | 63 | |
| 8728551738 | substance-related disorders | the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others |  | 64 |
| 8728551739 | addiction | development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug; also called physiological dependence | 65 | |
| 8728551740 | alcoholism | a pattern of drinking that may lead to addiction and almost always causes severe social, physical, and other problems | 66 | |
| 8728551741 | DSM-IV | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; resource for diagnosing disorders, uses a 5 axis system |  | 67 |
| 8728551742 | Philippe Pinel | In 1795 Pinel assumed the responsibility for the mental patients at l'Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, where he continued his policy of nonrestraint and brought about many significant and far-reaching reforms in the care and treatment of mental patients. Humane treatment under the watchful eye of trained and compassionate personnel in the institution made possible the recovery of many otherwise doomed patients. Pinel also introduced the practice of keeping case histories, which proved a valuable source of information in later efforts to understand insanity. |  | 68 |
| 8728551743 | David Rosenhan | Rosenhan believed that there are seven main features of abnormality: Suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards. |  | 69 |
| 8728551744 | Martin Seligman | an American psychologist and author of self-help books. His theory of "learned helplessness" is widely respected among scientific psychologists.[1] He is the director of the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania | 70 | |
| 8728551745 | Diathesis-stress approach | Disorders are a result of predisposed, bioloogical factors triggered by the environment. | 71 |
