Terms : Hide Images
| 10601077415 | hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 0 | |
| 10601077416 | critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | 1 | |
| 10601077417 | theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events | 2 | |
| 10601077852 | hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory | 3 | |
| 10601077853 | operational definition | a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. for example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. | 4 | |
| 10601077854 | replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | 5 | |
| 10601078546 | case study | a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | 6 | |
| 10601078547 | survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group | 7 | |
| 10601078548 | population | all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn | 8 | |
| 10601078549 | random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 9 | |
| 10601080858 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | 10 | |
| 10601080859 | correlation | a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other | 11 | |
| 10601080860 | correlation coefficient (r) | a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0) *1.0 or close to it=positive correlation (dots- left to right and closer together) (high correlation) *-1.0 or close to it=negative correlation (dots- right to left and closer together) (still high correlation) *r=0 or closer = no correlation (dots won't line up on scatterplot) | 12 | |
| 10601081474 | scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation) | 13 | |
| 10601081475 | illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists | 14 | |
| 10601081476 | experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) | 15 | |
| 10601083391 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups | 16 | |
| 10601083392 | double-blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. | 17 | |
| 10601084247 | placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. | 18 | |
| 10601084248 | experimental group | in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. | 19 | |
| 10601084249 | control group | in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 20 | |
| 10601084694 | independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | 21 | |
| 10601084695 | dependent variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. | 22 | |
| 10601085250 | confounding factors | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment | 23 | |
| 10601085251 | measures of central tendency | mean, median, mode | 24 | |
| 10601085252 | measures of variance | range and standard deviation | 25 | |
| 10601087162 | mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores | 26 | |
| 10601087163 | median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | 27 | |
| 10601087164 | mode | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution | 28 | |
| 10601087165 | range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | 29 | |
| 10601087166 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score *68%=score 15 points above or below 100 *95%= score 30 points above or below 100 | 30 | |
| 10601088136 | bell curve/ normal distribution | a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes |  | 31 |
| 10601088137 | descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. | 32 | |
| 10601088646 | inferential statistics | numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population | 33 | |
| 10601088647 | statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance-- not by luck; it is "real"-- .05 or 5%
* state a research hypothesis and a null/worthless hypothesis
*p=probability of obtaining your sample data if the null hypothesis were true; <.05
*a=the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis; =.05
if the value is below 5% (p| 34 | | |
| 10601089234 | culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. | 35 | |
| 10601089235 | informed consent | an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. | 36 | |
| 10601089236 | debriefing | the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants | 37 | |
| 10601089768 | confidentiality | the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals | 38 | |
| 10604494976 | cross-sectional study | A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time. | 39 | |
| 10604497516 | cohort-sequential study | a research method in which a cross section of the pop. is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time | 40 | |
| 10638024766 | low standard deviation | indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean | 41 | |
| 10638027841 | high standard deviation | indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values | 42 | |
| 10638053031 | positive skew | long tail in the positive direction |  | 43 |
| 10638058773 | negative skew | long tail in the negative direction |  | 44 |
