Terms : Hide Images
| 14993305230 | hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 0 | |
| 14993305231 | critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | 1 | |
| 14993441472 | Theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events | 2 | |
| 14993441473 | Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory | 3 | |
| 14993441474 | operational definition | a statement of the procedures used to define research variables | 4 | |
| 14993441475 | Replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | 5 | |
| 14993441476 | case study | a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | 6 | |
| 14993441477 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | 7 | |
| 14993441478 | survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group | 8 | |
| 14993441479 | sampling bias | a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample | 9 | |
| 14993441480 | Population | all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. ( Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population | 10 | |
| 14993441481 | random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 11 | |
| 14993441482 | Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. | 12 | |
| 14993441483 | correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) | 13 | |
| 14993441484 | Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | 14 | |
| 14993638381 | illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists | 15 | |
| 14993638382 | experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | 16 | |
| 14993638383 | experimental group | In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. | 17 | |
| 14993638384 | control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 18 | |
| 14993638385 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 19 | |
| 14993638386 | double-blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. | 20 | |
| 14993638387 | Placebo | Something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect. Oftentimes a drug with no active ingredient. | 21 | |
| 14993638388 | independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | 22 | |
| 14993638389 | dependent variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. | 23 | |
| 14993638390 | confounding variable | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment | 24 | |
| 14993638391 | Validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to | 25 | |
| 14993638392 | descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. | 26 | |
| 14993638393 | Histogram | A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data. | 27 | |
| 14993638394 | Mode | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution | 28 | |
| 14993638395 | mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores | 29 | |
| 14993638396 | Median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | 30 | |
| 14993638397 | skewed distribution | a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value i.e. squirrel effect | 31 | |
| 14993638398 | range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | 32 | |
| 14993638399 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 33 | |
| 14993638400 | normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. | 34 | |
| 14993638401 | inferential statistics | numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population | 35 | |
| 14993638402 | statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | 36 | |
| 14993638403 | Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | 37 | |
| 14993638404 | informed consent | an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate | 38 | |
| 14993638405 | Debriefing | the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants | 39 |
