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| 6134925792 | death-deferral phenomenon | spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays | 0 | |
| 6224168018 | dementia | An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment. | 1 | |
| 6224173357 | alzheimer's disease | Progressive degeneration of the brain that ultimately results in dementia. | 2 | |
| 6224178306 | prospective memory | remembering to do things in the future | 3 | |
| 6224181286 | cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another | 4 | |
| 6224193487 | carol gilligan | moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships | 5 | |
| 6224207547 | circular reaction | A repetitive action that achieves a desired response; seen during Piaget's sensorimotor stage. | 6 | |
| 6224209015 | symbolic thinking | _____ refers to the ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination. | 7 | |
| 6224210137 | animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 8 | |
| 6224211480 | artificialism | PREOPERATIONAL--believing that all things are human made | 9 | |
| 6224212747 | irreversibility | the child's inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations | 10 | |
| 6224213733 | bi-dimensional thinking | thinking that is logical | 11 | |
| 6224215820 | multiple classification | the intellectual understanding that objects may fit into more than one category | 12 | |
| 6224218331 | mathematical transformations | solving complex problems | 13 | |
| 6224219015 | hypothetical reasoning | Ability to systematically generate and evaluate potential solutions to a problem | 14 | |
| 6224220514 | deductive reasoning | reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) | 15 | |
| 6224221490 | metacognition | thinking about thinking awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. | 16 | |
| 6224221491 | gender constancy | the concept that gender does not change regardless of how one behaves or what clothes one wears | 17 | |
| 6224223131 | phenylketonuria | a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing | 18 | |
| 6224227426 | androgyny | combination of traditional masculine and feminine traits in a single person | 19 | |
| 6227605631 | developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 20 | |
| 6227609480 | nature and nurture | Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments | 21 | |
| 6227615717 | continuity and stages | this focus looks at our development to determine if it is gradual, a continuous process or sequence of separate stages | 22 | |
| 6227617243 | stability and change | This area of developmental psychology looks at our early personality traits, and study if the traits persist through life or not. | 23 | |
| 6227617244 | zygote | a fertilized egg | 24 | |
| 6227618654 | embryo | A fertilised egg in the first eight weeks after conception | 25 | |
| 6227618655 | fetus | The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. | 26 | |
| 6227619940 | teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | 27 | |
| 6227620767 | fetal alcohol syndrome | a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant | 28 | |
| 6227620768 | rooting | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple. | 29 | |
| 6227621517 | sucking | Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth | 30 | |
| 6227621518 | habituation | An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it | 31 | |
| 6227623904 | novelty-preference procedure | infants are more likely to pay attention to new objects/people than those they've seen before | 32 | |
| 6227623905 | pruning process | unused neural connections are lost and others are strengthened | 33 | |
| 6227624892 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience | 34 | |
| 6227624893 | infantile amnesia | the inability to remember events from early childhood | 35 | |
| 6227626417 | cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | 36 | |
| 6227626418 | jean piaget | 1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation) | 37 | |
| 6227627514 | schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | 38 | |
| 6227627515 | assimilate | interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas | 39 | |
| 6227630460 | accommodation | According to Piaget, the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences | 40 | |
| 6227633331 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities | 41 | |
| 6227634148 | object permanence | recognition that things continue to exist even though hidden from sight; infants generally gain this after 3 to 7 months of age | 42 | |
| 6227635699 | preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic | 43 | |
| 6227635700 | conservation | Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume | 44 | |
| 6227636965 | egocentric | in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view | 45 | |
| 6227636966 | theory of mind | People's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict | 46 | |
| 6227638221 | Vygotsky | Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects | 47 | |
| 6227642118 | concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events | 48 | |
| 6227642815 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts | 49 | |
| 6227642816 | autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind | 50 | |
| 6227643927 | reflecting on piaget's stage | piaget identified significant cognitive milestones and stimulated worldwide interest in how the mind develops | 51 | |
| 6227643928 | scaffold | Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent | 52 | |
| 6227645516 | zone of proximal development | the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or children with more skill phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction | 53 | |
| 6227645517 | stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age | 54 | |
| 6227646863 | attachment | An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. | 55 | |
| 6227648207 | Harry Harlow | 1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers) | 56 | |
| 6227648208 | critical period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development | 57 | |
| 6227650278 | lorenz | "Survival of the Fittest Theory" and imprinting | 58 | |
| 6227650279 | imprinting | The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. | 59 | |
| 6227651839 | mere exposure | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them | 60 | |
| 6227653530 | strange situation | Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation | 61 | |
| 6227655233 | secure attachment | Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy | 62 | |
| 6227657161 | insecure attachment | attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation | 63 | |
| 6227664034 | mary ainsworth | developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment | 64 | |
| 6227664035 | temperament | A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. | 65 | |
| 6227665306 | difficult babies | Babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations when confronted with the new situation they tend to withdraw | 66 | |
| 6227665307 | easy babies | Babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable | 67 | |
| 6227666949 | slow-to-warm-up infants | An infant temperament type marked by low activity level; high initial withdrawal from the unfamiliar; slow adaptation to change; and a somewhat negative mood, with moderate or low intensity of reaction. | 68 | |
| 6227666950 | basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers | 69 | |
| 6227668832 | deprivation of attachment | results in children who are more withdrawn, frightened, and have difficultly developing speech | 70 | |
| 6227668833 | self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" | 71 | |
| 6227670394 | authoritarian | Parents impose rules and expect obedience | 72 | |
| 6227670395 | permissive | parents submit to their children's desires | 73 | |
| 6227671173 | authoritative | parents are both demanding and responsive | 74 | |
| 6227672225 | culture and child rearing | child-rearing practices reflect cultural values that vary across time and place | 75 | |
| 6227672226 | gender | In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. | 76 | |
| 6227675340 | aggression | Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. | 77 | |
| 6227676217 | male answer syndrome | Men are more likely to hazard answers rather than admit they don't know. | 78 | |
| 6227677086 | interdependent | dependent on one another; mutually dependent Relying on others for survival and well-being | 79 | |
| 6227678138 | X chromosome | The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. | 80 | |
| 6227678139 | Y chromosome | the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. | 81 | |
| 6227679288 | testosterone | A male hormone that stimulates the growth of genital and secondary sexual characteristics. | 82 | |
| 6227679289 | gray matter | Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye; consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons. | 83 | |
| 6227680604 | white matter | Inner layer of the cerebrum, white from bundles of axons with myelin sheaths | 84 | |
| 6227680605 | role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave | 85 | |
| 6227680606 | gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females | 86 | |
| 6227681672 | gender identity | one's sense of being male or female | 87 | |
| 6227682904 | gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role | 88 | |
| 6227684001 | social learning theory | The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. | 89 | |
| 6227684002 | gender schema | the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly | 90 | |
| 6227685366 | rosenzweig and krech | 1.impoverished vs. enriched environment 2.More learning in enriched environments | 91 | |
| 6227687754 | credit or blame parents | both parents and genes shape offspring | 92 | |
| 6227687755 | selection effect | The effect where kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests | 93 | |
| 6227688766 | adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence | 94 | |
| 6227688767 | puberty | Developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of reproduction. | 95 | |
| 6227696040 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible | 96 | |
| 6227696989 | secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | 97 | |
| 6227696990 | menarche | The first menstrual period. | 98 | |
| 6227697824 | spermarche | boy's first ejaculation | 99 | |
| 6227697825 | Kohlberg | theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. | 100 | |
| 6227698907 | moral reasoning | the thinking process involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong | 101 | |
| 6227701951 | preconventional morality | first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior | 102 | |
| 6227702759 | conventional morality | second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior | 103 | |
| 6227704197 | postconventional morality | third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms | 104 | |
| 6227707363 | Haidt's social intuitionist theory | moral judgment involves quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions, which then trigger moral reasoning. | 105 | |
| 6227708346 | delayed gratification | postponing immediate gratification for long-term goals | 106 | |
| 6227708347 | erik erikson | neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" | 107 | |
| 6227710853 | identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles | 108 | |
| 6227710854 | social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships | 109 | |
| 6227711762 | intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood | 110 | |
| 6227712513 | emerging adulthood | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood | 111 | |
| 6227712514 | menopause | The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. | 112 | |
| 6227720553 | longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period | 113 | |
| 6227722708 | crystallized intelligence | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age | 114 | |
| 6227722709 | fluid intelligence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood | 115 | |
| 6227723774 | social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement | 116 | |
| 6227727435 | reflections on 3 major development issues | 1.) how development is steered by genes and by experience. 2.) whether development is a gradual, continuous process or a series of discrete stages. 3.) whether development is characterized more by stability over time or by change. | 117 |
