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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9819919510psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
9819919511psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
9819919512psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
9819919513biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
9819919514evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
9819919515psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
9819919516behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
9819919517cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
9819919518humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
9819919519social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
9819919520two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
9819919521types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
9819919522descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
9819919523case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
9819919524surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
9819919525naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
9819919526correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
9819919527correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
9819919528experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
9819919529populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
9819919530sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
9819919531random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
9819919532control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
9819919533experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
9819919534independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
9819919535dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
9819919536confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
9819919537scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
9819919538theorygeneral idea being tested28
9819919539hypothesismeasurable/specific29
9819919540operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
9819919541modeappears the most31
9819919542meanaverage32
9819919543medianmiddle33
9819919544rangehighest - lowest34
9819919545standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
9819919546central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
9819919547bell curve(natural curve)37
9819919548ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
9819919549ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
9819919550sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
9819919551motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
9819919552interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
9819919749neuron43
9819919553dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
9819919554myelin sheathprotects the axon45
9819919555axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
9819919556neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
9819919557reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
9819919558excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
9819919559inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
9819919560central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
9819919561peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
9819919562somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
9819919563autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
9819919564sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
9819919565parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
9819919566neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
9819919567spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
9819919568endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
9819919569master glandpituitary gland60
9819919570brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
9819919571reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
9819919572reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
9819919573brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
9819919574thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
9819919575hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
9819919576cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
9819919577cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
9819919578amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
9819919579amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
9819919580amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
9819919581hippocampusprocess new memory72
9819919582cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
9819919583cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
9819919584association areasintegrate and interpret information75
9819919585glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
9819919586frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
9819919587parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
9819919588temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
9819919589occipital lobevision80
9819919590corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
9819919591Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
9819919592Broca's areaspeaking words83
9819919593plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
9819919594sensationwhat our senses tell us85
9819919595bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
9819919596perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
9819919597top-down processingbrain to senses88
9819919598inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
9819919599cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
9819919600change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
9819919601choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
9819919602absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
9819919603signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
9819919604JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
9819919605sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
9819919606rodsnight time97
9819919607conescolor98
9819919608parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
9819919609Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
9819919610Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
9819919611trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
9819919612frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
9819919613Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
9819919614frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
9819919615Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
9819919616Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
9819919617gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
9819919618memory of painpeaks and ends109
9819919619smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
9819919620groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
9819919621grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
9819919622make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
9819919623perception =mood + motivation114
9819919624consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
9819919625circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
9819919626circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
9819919627What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
9819919628The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
9819919629sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
9819919630purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
9819919631insomniacan't sleep122
9819919632narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
9819919633sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
9819919634night terrorsprevalent in children125
9819919635sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
9819919636dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
9819919637purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
98199196381. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
9819919639depressantsslows neural pathways130
9819919640alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
9819919641barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
9819919642opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
9819919643stimulantshypes neural processing134
9819919644methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
9819919645caffeine((stimulant))136
9819919646nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
9819919647cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
9819919648hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
9819919649ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
9819919650LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
9819919651marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
9819919652learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
9819919653types of learningclassical operant observational144
9819919654famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
9819919655famous operant psychologistSkinner146
9819919656famous observational psychologistsBandura147
9819919657classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
9819919658Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
9819919659Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
9819919660generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
9819919661discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
9819919662extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
9819919663spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
9819919664operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
9819919665Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
9819919666shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
9819919667reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
9819919668punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
9819919669fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
9819919670variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
9819919671organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
9819919672fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
9819919673variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
9819919674these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
9819919675Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
9819919676criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
9819919677intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
9819919678extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
9819919679Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
9819919680famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
9819919681famous observational psychologistBandura172
9819919682mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
9819919683Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
9819919684observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
9819919685habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
9819919686examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
9819919687serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
9819919688LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
9819919689CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
9819919690glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
9819919691glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
9819919692flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
9819919693amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
9819919694cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
9819919695hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
9819919696memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
9819919697processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
9819919698encodinginformation going in189
9819919699storagekeeping information in190
9819919700retrievaltaking information out191
9819919701How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
9819919702How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
9819919703How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
9819919704How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
9819919705How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
9819919706short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
9819919707working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
9819919708working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
9819919709How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
9819919710implicit memorynaturally do201
9819919711explicit memoryneed to explain202
9819919712automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
9819919713effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
9819919714spacing effectspread out learning over time205
9819919715serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
9819919716primary effectremember the first things in a list207
9819919717recency effectremember the last things in a list208
9819919718effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
9819919719semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
9819919720if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
9819919721misinformation effectnot correct information212
9819919722imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
9819919723source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
9819919724primingassociation (setting you up)215
9819919725contextenvironment helps with memory216
9819919726state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
9819919727mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
9819919728forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
9819919729the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
9819919730proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
9819919731retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
9819919732children can't remember before age __3223
9819919733Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
9819919734prototypesgeneralize225
9819919735problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
9819919736against problem-solvingfixation227
9819919737mental setwhat has worked in the past228
9819919738functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
9819919739Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
9819919740Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
9819919741grammar is _________universal232
9819919742phonemessmallest sound unit233
9819919743morphemessmallest meaning unit234

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