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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13554475353psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
13554475354psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
13554475355psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
13554475356biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
13554475357evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
13554475358psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
13554475359behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
13554475360cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
13554475361humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
13554475362social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
13554475363two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
13554475364types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
13554475365descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
13554475366case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
13554475367surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
13554475368naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
13554475369correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
13554475370correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
13554475371experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
13554475372populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
13554475373sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
13554475374random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
13554475375control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
13554475376experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
13554475377independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
13554475378dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
13554475379confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
13554475380scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
13554475381theorygeneral idea being tested28
13554475382hypothesismeasurable/specific29
13554475383operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
13554475384modeappears the most31
13554475385meanaverage32
13554475386medianmiddle33
13554475387rangehighest - lowest34
13554475388standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
13554475389central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
13554475390bell curve(natural curve)37
13554475391ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
13554475392ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
13554475393sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
13554475394motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
13554475395interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
13554475588neuron43
13554475396dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
13554475397myelin sheathprotects the axon45
13554475398axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
13554475399neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
13554475400reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
13554475401excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
13554475402inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
13554475403central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
13554475404peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
13554475405somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
13554475406autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
13554475407sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
13554475408parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
13554475409neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
13554475410spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
13554475411endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
13554475412master glandpituitary gland60
13554475413brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
13554475414reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
13554475415reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
13554475416brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
13554475417thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
13554475418hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
13554475419cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
13554475420cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
13554475421amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
13554475422amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
13554475423amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
13554475424hippocampusprocess new memory72
13554475425cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
13554475426cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
13554475427association areasintegrate and interpret information75
13554475428glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
13554475429frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
13554475430parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
13554475431temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
13554475432occipital lobevision80
13554475433corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
13554475434Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
13554475435Broca's areaspeaking words83
13554475436plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
13554475437sensationwhat our senses tell us85
13554475438bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
13554475439perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
13554475440top-down processingbrain to senses88
13554475441inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
13554475442cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
13554475443change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
13554475444choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
13554475445absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
13554475446signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
13554475447JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
13554475448sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
13554475449rodsnight time97
13554475450conescolor98
13554475451parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
13554475452Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
13554475453Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
13554475454trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
13554475455frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
13554475456Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
13554475457frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
13554475458Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
13554475459Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
13554475460gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
13554475461memory of painpeaks and ends109
13554475462smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
13554475463groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
13554475464grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
13554475465make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
13554475466perception =mood + motivation114
13554475467consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
13554475468circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
13554475469circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
13554475470What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
13554475471The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
13554475472sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
13554475473purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
13554475474insomniacan't sleep122
13554475475narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
13554475476sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
13554475477night terrorsprevalent in children125
13554475478sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
13554475479dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
13554475480purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
135544754811. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
13554475482depressantsslows neural pathways130
13554475483alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
13554475484barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
13554475485opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
13554475486stimulantshypes neural processing134
13554475487methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
13554475488caffeine((stimulant))136
13554475489nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
13554475490cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
13554475491hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
13554475492ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
13554475493LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
13554475494marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
13554475495learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
13554475496types of learningclassical operant observational144
13554475497famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
13554475498famous operant psychologistSkinner146
13554475499famous observational psychologistsBandura147
13554475500classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
13554475501Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
13554475502Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
13554475503generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
13554475504discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
13554475505extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
13554475506spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
13554475507operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
13554475508Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
13554475509shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
13554475510reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
13554475511punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
13554475512fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
13554475513variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
13554475514organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
13554475515fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
13554475516variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
13554475517these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
13554475518Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
13554475519criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
13554475520intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
13554475521extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
13554475522Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
13554475523famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
13554475524famous observational psychologistBandura172
13554475525mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
13554475526Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
13554475527observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
13554475528habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
13554475529examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
13554475530serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
13554475531LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
13554475532CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
13554475533glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
13554475534glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
13554475535flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
13554475536amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
13554475537cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
13554475538hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
13554475539memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
13554475540processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
13554475541encodinginformation going in189
13554475542storagekeeping information in190
13554475543retrievaltaking information out191
13554475544How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
13554475545How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
13554475546How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
13554475547How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
13554475548How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
13554475549short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
13554475550working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
13554475551working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
13554475552How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
13554475553implicit memorynaturally do201
13554475554explicit memoryneed to explain202
13554475555automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
13554475556effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
13554475557spacing effectspread out learning over time205
13554475558serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
13554475559primary effectremember the first things in a list207
13554475560recency effectremember the last things in a list208
13554475561effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
13554475562semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
13554475563if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
13554475564misinformation effectnot correct information212
13554475565imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
13554475566source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
13554475567primingassociation (setting you up)215
13554475568contextenvironment helps with memory216
13554475569state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
13554475570mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
13554475571forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
13554475572the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
13554475573proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
13554475574retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
13554475575children can't remember before age __3223
13554475576Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
13554475577prototypesgeneralize225
13554475578problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
13554475579against problem-solvingfixation227
13554475580mental setwhat has worked in the past228
13554475581functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
13554475582Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
13554475583Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
13554475584grammar is _________universal232
13554475585phonemessmallest sound unit233
13554475586morphemessmallest meaning unit234

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