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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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11525042506psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
11525042507psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
11525042508psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
11525042509biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
11525042510evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
11525042511psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
11525042512behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
11525042513cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
11525042514humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
11525042515social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
11525042516two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
11525042517types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
11525042518descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
11525042519case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
11525042520surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
11525042521naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
11525042522correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
11525042523correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
11525042524experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
11525042525populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
11525042526sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
11525042527random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
11525042528control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
11525042529experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
11525042530independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
11525042531dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
11525042532confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
11525042533scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
11525042534theorygeneral idea being tested28
11525042535hypothesismeasurable/specific29
11525042536operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
11525042537modeappears the most31
11525042538meanaverage32
11525042539medianmiddle33
11525042540rangehighest - lowest34
11525042541standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
11525042542central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
11525042543bell curve(natural curve)37
11525042544ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
11525042545ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
11525042546sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
11525042547motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
11525042548interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
11525042754neuron43
11525042549dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
11525042550myelin sheathprotects the axon45
11525042551axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
11525042552neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
11525042553reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
11525042554excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
11525042555inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
11525042556central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
11525042557peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
11525042558somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
11525042559autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
11525042560sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
11525042561parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
11525042562neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
11525042563spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
11525042564endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
11525042565master glandpituitary gland60
11525042566brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
11525042567reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
11525042568reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
11525042569brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
11525042570thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
11525042571hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
11525042572cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
11525042573cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
11525042574amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
11525042575amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
11525042576amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
11525042577hippocampusprocess new memory72
11525042578cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
11525042579cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
11525042580association areasintegrate and interpret information75
11525042581glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
11525042582frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
11525042583parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
11525042584temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
11525042585occipital lobevision80
11525042586corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
11525042587Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
11525042588Broca's areaspeaking words83
11525042589plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
11525042590sensationwhat our senses tell us85
11525042591bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
11525042592perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
11525042593top-down processingbrain to senses88
11525042594inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
11525042595cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
11525042596change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
11525042597choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
11525042598absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
11525042599signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
11525042600JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
11525042601sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
11525042602rodsnight time97
11525042603conescolor98
11525042604parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
11525042605Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
11525042606Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
11525042607trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
11525042608frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
11525042609Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
11525042610frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
11525042611Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
11525042612Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
11525042613gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
11525042614memory of painpeaks and ends109
11525042615smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
11525042616groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
11525042617grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
11525042618make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
11525042619perception =mood + motivation114
11525042620consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
11525042621circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
11525042622circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
11525042623What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
11525042624The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
11525042625sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
11525042626purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
11525042627insomniacan't sleep122
11525042628narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
11525042629sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
11525042630night terrorsprevalent in children125
11525042631sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
11525042632dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
11525042633purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
115250426341. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
11525042635depressantsslows neural pathways130
11525042636alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
11525042637barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
11525042638opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
11525042639stimulantshypes neural processing134
11525042640methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
11525042641caffeine((stimulant))136
11525042642nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
11525042643cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
11525042644hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
11525042645ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
11525042646LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
11525042647marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
11525042648learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
11525042649types of learningclassical operant observational144
11525042650famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
11525042651famous operant psychologistSkinner146
11525042652famous observational psychologistsBandura147
11525042653classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
11525042654Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
11525042655Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
11525042656generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
11525042657discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
11525042658extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
11525042659spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
11525042660operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
11525042661Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
11525042662shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
11525042663reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
11525042664punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
11525042665fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
11525042666variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
11525042667organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
11525042668fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
11525042669variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
11525042670these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
11525042671Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
11525042672criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
11525042673intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
11525042674extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
11525042675Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
11525042676famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
11525042677famous observational psychologistBandura172
11525042678mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
11525042679Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
11525042680observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
11525042681habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
11525042682examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
11525042683serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
11525042684LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
11525042685CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
11525042686glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
11525042687glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
11525042688flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
11525042689amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
11525042690cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
11525042691hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
11525042692memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
11525042693processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
11525042694encodinginformation going in189
11525042695storagekeeping information in190
11525042696retrievaltaking information out191
11525042697How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
11525042698How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
11525042699How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
11525042700How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
11525042701How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
11525042702short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
11525042703working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
11525042704working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
11525042705How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
11525042706implicit memorynaturally do201
11525042707explicit memoryneed to explain202
11525042708automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
11525042709effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
11525042710spacing effectspread out learning over time205
11525042711serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
11525042712primary effectremember the first things in a list207
11525042713recency effectremember the last things in a list208
11525042714effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
11525042715semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
11525042716if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
11525042717misinformation effectnot correct information212
11525042718imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
11525042719source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
11525042720primingassociation (setting you up)215
11525042721contextenvironment helps with memory216
11525042722state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
11525042723mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
11525042724forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
11525042725the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
11525042726proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
11525042727retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
11525042728children can't remember before age __3223
11525042729Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
11525042730prototypesgeneralize225
11525042731problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
11525042732against problem-solvingfixation227
11525042733mental setwhat has worked in the past228
11525042734functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
11525042735Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
11525042736Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
11525042737grammar is _________universal232
11525042738phonemessmallest sound unit233
11525042739morphemessmallest meaning unit234

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