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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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12178837667psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
12178837668psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
12178837669psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
12178837670biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
12178837671evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
12178837672psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
12178837673behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
12178837674cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
12178837675humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
12178837676social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
12178837677two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
12178837678types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
12178837679descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
12178837680case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
12178837681surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
12178837682naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
12178837683correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
12178837684correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
12178837685experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
12178837686populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
12178837687sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
12178837688random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
12178837689control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
12178837690experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
12178837691independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
12178837692dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
12178837693confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
12178837694scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
12178837695theorygeneral idea being tested28
12178837696hypothesismeasurable/specific29
12178837697operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
12178837698modeappears the most31
12178837699meanaverage32
12178837700medianmiddle33
12178837701rangehighest - lowest34
12178837702standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
12178837703central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
12178837704bell curve(natural curve)37
12178837705ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
12178837706ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
12178837707sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
12178837708motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
12178837709interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
12178837902neuron43
12178837710dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
12178837711myelin sheathprotects the axon45
12178837712axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
12178837713neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
12178837714reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
12178837715excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
12178837716inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
12178837717central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
12178837718peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
12178837719somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
12178837720autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
12178837721sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
12178837722parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
12178837723neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
12178837724spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
12178837725endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
12178837726master glandpituitary gland60
12178837727brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
12178837728reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
12178837729reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
12178837730brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
12178837731thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
12178837732hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
12178837733cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
12178837734cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
12178837735amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
12178837736amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
12178837737amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
12178837738hippocampusprocess new memory72
12178837739cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
12178837740cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
12178837741association areasintegrate and interpret information75
12178837742glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
12178837743frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
12178837744parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
12178837745temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
12178837746occipital lobevision80
12178837747corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
12178837748Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
12178837749Broca's areaspeaking words83
12178837750plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
12178837751sensationwhat our senses tell us85
12178837752bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
12178837753perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
12178837754top-down processingbrain to senses88
12178837755inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
12178837756cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
12178837757change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
12178837758choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
12178837759absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
12178837760signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
12178837761JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
12178837762sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
12178837763rodsnight time97
12178837764conescolor98
12178837765parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
12178837766Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
12178837767Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
12178837768trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
12178837769frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
12178837770Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
12178837771frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
12178837772Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
12178837773Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
12178837774gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
12178837775memory of painpeaks and ends109
12178837776smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
12178837777groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
12178837778grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
12178837779make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
12178837780perception =mood + motivation114
12178837781consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
12178837782circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
12178837783circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
12178837784What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
12178837785The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
12178837786sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
12178837787purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
12178837788insomniacan't sleep122
12178837789narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
12178837790sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
12178837791night terrorsprevalent in children125
12178837792sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
12178837793dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
12178837794purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
121788377951. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
12178837796depressantsslows neural pathways130
12178837797alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
12178837798barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
12178837799opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
12178837800stimulantshypes neural processing134
12178837801methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
12178837802caffeine((stimulant))136
12178837803nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
12178837804cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
12178837805hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
12178837806ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
12178837807LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
12178837808marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
12178837809learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
12178837810types of learningclassical operant observational144
12178837811famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
12178837812famous operant psychologistSkinner146
12178837813famous observational psychologistsBandura147
12178837814classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
12178837815Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
12178837816Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
12178837817generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
12178837818discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
12178837819extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
12178837820spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
12178837821operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
12178837822Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
12178837823shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
12178837824reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
12178837825punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
12178837826fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
12178837827variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
12178837828organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
12178837829fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
12178837830variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
12178837831these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
12178837832Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
12178837833criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
12178837834intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
12178837835extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
12178837836Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
12178837837famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
12178837838famous observational psychologistBandura172
12178837839mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
12178837840Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
12178837841observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
12178837842habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
12178837843examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
12178837844serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
12178837845LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
12178837846CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
12178837847glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
12178837848glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
12178837849flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
12178837850amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
12178837851cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
12178837852hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
12178837853memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
12178837854processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
12178837855encodinginformation going in189
12178837856storagekeeping information in190
12178837857retrievaltaking information out191
12178837858How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
12178837859How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
12178837860How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
12178837861How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
12178837862How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
12178837863short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
12178837864working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
12178837865working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
12178837866How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
12178837867implicit memorynaturally do201
12178837868explicit memoryneed to explain202
12178837869automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
12178837870effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
12178837871spacing effectspread out learning over time205
12178837872serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
12178837873primary effectremember the first things in a list207
12178837874recency effectremember the last things in a list208
12178837875effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
12178837876semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
12178837877if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
12178837878misinformation effectnot correct information212
12178837879imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
12178837880source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
12178837881primingassociation (setting you up)215
12178837882contextenvironment helps with memory216
12178837883state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
12178837884mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
12178837885forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
12178837886the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
12178837887proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
12178837888retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
12178837889children can't remember before age __3223
12178837890Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
12178837891prototypesgeneralize225
12178837892problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
12178837893against problem-solvingfixation227
12178837894mental setwhat has worked in the past228
12178837895functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
12178837896Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
12178837897Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
12178837898grammar is _________universal232
12178837899phonemessmallest sound unit233
12178837900morphemessmallest meaning unit234

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