Terms : Hide Images
| 13833988282 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 0 | |
| 13833988283 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 1 | |
| 13833988284 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 2 | |
| 13833988286 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 3 | |
| 13833988287 | experimental method | A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor. | 4 | |
| 13833988288 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 5 | |
| 13833988289 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 6 | |
| 13833988290 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 7 | |
| 13833988291 | control group | the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. | 8 | |
| 13833988292 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 9 | |
| 13833988293 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 10 | |
| 13833988294 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 11 | |
| 13833988295 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 12 | |
| 13833988299 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 13 | |
| 13833988300 | mode | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution | 14 | |
| 13833988301 | mean | The average of a set of numbers | 15 | |
| 13833988302 | median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | 16 | |
| 13833988303 | range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | 17 | |
| 13833988304 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 18 | |
| 13833988306 | bell curve | distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the tails |  | 19 |
| 13833988309 | sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord | 20 | |
| 13833988310 | motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands | 21 | |
| 13833988311 | interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord | 22 | |
| 13833988312 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 23 | |
| 13833988313 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 24 | |
| 13833988314 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 25 | |
| 13833988316 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 26 | |
| 13833988319 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 27 | |
| 13833988321 | somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles | 28 | |
| 13833988322 | autonomic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs | 29 | |
| 13833988323 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing action in the nervous system | 30 | |
| 13833988324 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming action in the nervous system | 31 | |
| 13833988327 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 32 | |
| 13833988334 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 33 | |
| 13833988335 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 34 | |
| 13833988337 | amygdala | A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. | 35 | |
| 13833988340 | hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage | 36 | |
| 13833988341 | cerebrum | Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body | 37 | |
| 13833988344 | glial cells | provide nutrients to neuron | 38 | |
| 13833988345 | frontal lobe | The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior. | 39 | |
| 13833988346 | parietal lobe | receives sensory input for touch and body position | 40 | |
| 13833988347 | temporal lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language. | 41 | |
| 13833988348 | occipital lobe | A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information | 42 | |
| 13833988349 | corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | 43 | |
| 13833988350 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 44 | |
| 13833988351 | Broca's area | speech production | 45 | |
| 13833988354 | bottom-up processing | analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information | 46 | |
| 13833988356 | top-down processing | the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole | 47 | |
| 13833988357 | inattentional blindness | a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention | 48 | |
| 13833988358 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 49 | |
| 13833988359 | change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment | 50 | |
| 13833988361 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 51 | |
| 13833988363 | just noticeable difference | the minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected | 52 | |
| 13833988364 | sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation | 53 | |
| 13833988367 | parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously | 54 | |
| 13833988368 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 55 | |
| 13833988369 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 56 | |
| 13833988376 | gate-control theory | the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. | 57 | |
| 13833988379 | grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups | 58 | |
| 13833988416 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | 59 | |
| 13833988419 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | 60 | |
| 13833988421 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 61 | |
| 13833988422 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | 62 | |
| 13833988423 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 63 | |
| 13833988425 | shaping | learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior | 64 | |
| 13833988426 | reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 65 | |
| 13833988427 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 66 | |
| 13833988428 | fixed ratio | reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 67 | |
| 13833988429 | variable ratio | reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 68 | |
| 13833988431 | fixed interval | reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 69 | |
| 13833988432 | variable interval | reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 70 | |
| 13833988436 | intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | 71 | |
| 13833988437 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | 72 | |
| 13833988441 | mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 73 | |
| 13833988443 | observational learning | learning by observing others | 74 | |
| 13833988451 | flashbulb memory | A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event. | 75 | |
| 13833988457 | encoding | the processing of integrating information into the memory system | 76 | |
| 13833988458 | storage | the retention of encoded information over time | 77 | |
| 13833988459 | retrieval | the process of getting info out of memory storage | 78 | |
| 13833988469 | implicit memory | Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously | 79 | |
| 13833988470 | explicit memory | the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences | 80 | |
| 13833988473 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study of practice to yield better long-term retention | 81 | |
| 13833988475 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 82 | |
| 13833988476 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 83 | |
| 13833988482 | source amnesia | attributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined | 84 | |
| 13833988483 | priming | association (setting you up) | 85 | |
| 13833988485 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in | 86 | |
| 13833988486 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 87 | |
| 13833988487 | forgetting curve |  | 88 | |
| 13833988489 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info | 89 | |
| 13833988490 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info | 90 | |
| 13833988493 | prototypes | a mental image or best example of a category | 91 | |
| 13833988496 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 92 | |
| 13833988498 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 93 | |
| 13833988501 | phonemes | The smallest sound units of language. | 94 | |
| 13833988502 | morphemes | The smallest units of meaning in a language. | 95 |
